High power photographic objective with large angular field

ABSTRACT

A high power lens for photograhic purposes, having a relatively large angular field. The lens has at least seven air spaced members, at least three of which are behind a central vertex space, those members in front of such space being divided into two groups of at least two members in each group, the front member in each of these two groups having both its front surface and its rear surface convex toward the front or object side. In the rear group behind the central vertex space, there is a negative member followed by two positive or collecting members, the first such positive member being separated from the negative member by an air lens of diverging action. Specific conditional data are given for several examples or embodiments of the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a high speed lens system or objective suitable for photographic purposes, and having a relatively large angular field of view. Photographic lenses of many types are, of course, well known in the art, and a lens similar in some respects to the present invention is disclosed in German Pat. No. 1,250,153, issued Mar. 21, 1968 to the Carl Zeiss firm for an invention of the present applicant. The present invention relates to a lens which is considerably improved as compared with the lens of the above mentioned patent, giving better image quality.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a lens system in accordance with one embodiment of the invention; and

FIGS. 2-15 are similar diagrams illustrating other embodiments of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

According to the present invention, the objective or lens system (for brevity frequently referred to herein merely as a "lens") comprises at least seven individual air spaced members, at least three of which are behind the inner central vertex space or distance illustrated in the drawings at CS, which space may contain but does not necessarily contain a stop or diaphragm, preferably of variable aperture if a diaphragm is used. The members behind the central vertex space comprise a negative element or component indicated in the drawings by N of diverging action, followed by a first collecting or positive member or element separated from the negative element by an air space of diverging action, and then a second positive member or element behind the first positive element and separated from it by an air space of collecting action, both of these two collecting members having rear surfaces which are concave toward the front, that is, toward the object space.

In front of the above mentioned central vertex space CS, in the direction toward the object or longer conjugate, there are two assemblies or groups of lenses, the rear one of which (in front of the space CS) is designated in general by the reference character A, and the front one of which is designated in general by the reference character B. Each of these members or groups A and B comprises a meniscus-shaped lens element convex toward the front, followed by a collecting or positive lens air spaced from the meniscus. The air space between the meniscus and the following positive lens in group A is designated as α, and the air space between the meniscus and the following positive lens in the front group B is designated as β. The meniscus lenses in these two groups A and B are respectively designated as N, A and N, B, both being of negative or diverging power. According to one feature of the invention, the axial thicknesses of each of the two air spaces α and β is within the limits of 0.10 F and 0.80 F, and the sum of these two air spaces is within the limits of 0.25 F and 1.30 F, wherein F stands for the equivalent focal length of the entire lens system or objective.

The objective of the present invention thus constitutes a substantial further development of the design rules disclosed in the above mentioned German Pat. No. 1,250,153, namely in the manner that, as a result of the new principle of construction, a further increase in the overall performance of the objective is for the first time opened up for this further development, both with respect to the useful relative aperture, and also simultaneously with respect to a particularly greatly refined image-forming performance over its wide-angle field of view.

The inventive concept proceeds from the consideration that increased image-forming performance, with simultaneous increase of the usable cross section of the beam of rays over a large field angle, can be used for the successful solution of the problem at hand by introducing a suitable reduction of the zonal intermediate aberrations (aberrations of higher order) both in the central and in the lateral image field in such an image-forming process by means of a wide-open beam, and specifically in a manner which is capable of being technically realized.

In order to assure this possibility of realization, the present invention for the first time opens up a new path of realizing the desired solution of the problem in connection with the present type of objective, in accordance with the construction rules set forth in the claims. This specific increase in the definition of image goes simultaneously hand in hand with the introduction of relatively weakly refracting and at the same time extensively relaxed optical elements in the front member of the objective, facing the longer conjugate or object. In this way, the result is obtained that the rays which enter without aberration into the front of the lens, from the remote object, are subjected on their way to the location of the stop or diaphragm to only the smallest possible aberrations of higher order, by the front member optical elements, which at the same time are so strongly released in their surface sensitivity that the advance in the art which can be obtained through the entire dioptric surface utilization of these optical elements which are particularly large in the case of high-power wide-angle systems, is practically fully realizable in actual fact, because due to this relaxation, relatively small differences in tolerance upon the manufacture of the system cannot serve to endanger the attainment of the advance in the art. Rather, within the scope of the known tolerance ranges customary in the art, the advance in the art and the practical utility thereof are firmly interrelated and thus can be utilized in actual practice.

This approach taken by the present invention is to be contrasted with the older proposals of the prior art where, for example, there is introduced a strongly curved and accordingly extremely strained pair of cemented surfaces having a relatively small difference in indices of refraction, as for instance proposed in German Pat. No. 349,938 (Zeiss, 1922), and in the paper of W. Merte, entitled "Ueber die Kaustik axialer Dingpunkte," published in 1925 in the Zeitschrift fur physik, volume 33, pages 533 and following.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, it is found that the above mentioned beneficial results can be attained in a lens of this general type, if in addition to having the air spacings α and β within the limits above mentioned, the construction also complies with both of the following two rules of construction.

First, the sum of the surface powers φ_(x) of the two lens surfaces limiting the air lens x in the space s₂₃ between the two front-member assemblies or groups B and A, on the one hand, and the sum of the surface powers φ_(s) of the two negative meniscus components N-B and N-A in these two front member assemblies, on the other hand, are so dimensioned that the quotient Q_(a) of said air lens power φ_(x) divided by the said sum of the surface powers φ_(s) has a negative value within the limits of -0.708 and -1.713.

Second, the above mentioned sum of the surface powers φ_(x) of the collecting air lens (x) also has such a balanced distribution of power of refraction with respect to the lens power φ_(I) of the negative meniscus (N, B also designated as I) adjacent the longer conjugate or object side, that the negative value of the quotient Q_(b) of this air lens power φ_(x) divided by the paraxial surface power sum φ_(I) of the meniscus-shaped negative component I is within the limits of 1.533 and 3.123.

These two constructional rules may be written as formulas as follows:

    0.708 < -Q.sub.a < 1.713                                   (a)

    1.533 < -Q.sub.b < 3.123                                   (b)

In these formulas, Q_(a) = φ_(x) -φ_(S) and -φ_(S) = φ_(N),B + φ_(N),A. The negative sign in these design rules means that the air lens power has a sign which is opposite to the lens powers of the negative part or parts (I or the corresponding sum of I and III).

The way toward the extremely surprising and important increase in power for the present type of wide angle objective, is opened up for the first time when one recognizes and utilizes these two constructional rules or partial features of the invention numerically precisely described above, and summarized in the two formulas (a) and (b). The optical effect of these deisgn rules can after their disclosure be clearly understood by the optical designer if, upon the analysis of the dioptric effect for the present invention, it is borne in mind that as a result of these two negative parts (N, B and N, A) which are located on the side of the longer conjugate, the rays which enter the system without aberration from the remote object are imparted both a strong over-correction of primary type and at the same time an accumulation of the aberrations of higher order, which so greatly impair the best possible picture definition.

These injurious consequences of over-correction which are inherent in the action of the negative parts are counteracted, in accordance with the first rule (formula a) in the manner that between the two optical groups B and A there is interposed a strongly collecting air lens power φ_(x) which is definitely greater than the square root of half (√0.5 = 0.7071) of the sum (of the surface powers φ_(S) of the two negative components N, B + N, A) on the entrance side of the beams into the entire objective. A substantial part of the range of position of this feature (formula a) indicates that φ_(x) can even be considerably greater than the sum of the surface powers of the two meniscus negative parts, whereby the way is opened up by the upper position range to an overcompensating reversal from diverging to collecting combined effect.

The other constructional rule, summarized in formula (b), makes available a corresponding action with special reference to the reduction of aberrations of higher order for the strongly inclined lateral picture rays, with simultaneous opening up of a particularly simple compensation effect on the distortion errors, in which connection the reduction of the aberrations of higher order in the wide-open lateral beam cross sections is of particular importance, especially for high speed wide angle lenses with their high relative apertures and accordingly particularly large diameters of the beam cross section, while the upper limits of this rule or feature (b) are directed at assuring a long back focus.

Within the scope of the present principles of construction of the invention, it is furthermore possible, in known manner, to breakdown one or more of the optical parts of the objective by splitting, and thus obtain an additional surface distribution of the powers. In addition to this, such a splitting of the lens can also be utilized to particular advantage for reducing the topheaviness which is found in wide angle lens systems and is frequently of importance, particularly in the case of higher speeds. This may be accomplished in the manner that, with such a splitting up, for instance, of a very thick lens, a part of the thickness of the lens may be replaced by a substantially equivalent thickness of an air space. With this last mentioned type of splitting, such a splitting air layer can in the course of the present invention also be provided with different curvatures of the split glass lenses enclosing it. The differences in radii of these limiting surfaces which may be introduced, may also serve to bring about small specific refinements in the image-forming properties. In the illustrative examples of the present invention given below, shapes of lens components are indicated by the numerical data in the tables, and various possibilities for splitting are indicated.

For the examples selected, there are shown schematically in the accompanying diagrams, lens sections of these objectives with the use of the same symbols used in the data tables. The conventional sequence is followed, the light being assumed to pass from left to right, and the various components being consecutively numbered in the same direction. The individual lens components are designated by L with a numerical subscript, and when a lens is split into two partial lenses, the parts are designated by the numerical subscript with additional subscripts a and b if split into two part, or a, b, and c if split into three parts. Axial thicknesses are indicated by the letter d with a numerical subscript corresponding to the numerical designation of the particular lens component (with letters a, b, etc., if the lens is split). Axial spacings are indicated by the letter s with a numerical subscript combining the number of the lens immediately in front of and immediately behind the space. Thus, for example, s₁₂ indicates the space between lens L₁ and lens L₂, and s₃₄ indicates the space between L₃ and L₄, etc.

The radii of curvature of individual elements are indicated by the letter R with a subscript indicating the number of the individual element, for the radius of the front surface of the element, and with a prime plus a subscript number for the rear surface of the element. In accordance with conventional practice, plus signs of radii indicate surfaces convex toward the front, and minus signs of radii indicate surfaces concave toward the front.

All linear dimensions (radii, thicknesses, and spacings) are given, not as absolute dimensions, but on the basis of the equivalent focal length of the entire lens assembly or system as unity; that is, F = 1.0000. A spacing of zero in the data tables indicates surfaces cemented to each other. In each example, the maximum effective working aperture is indicated by f, and the angular field is indicated in the conventional way, and the back focus is also indicated, on the basis of the equivalent focal length F as unity.

The index of refraction of the glass used for each element is given in most of the tables of examples in the column headed n_(d), but for some of the examples it is given in a separate table, for convenience of quick comparison of the indices of refraction of corresponding elements in different examples. When an objective is designed for use in only a very narrow spectral range, the refractive index refers specifically to this narrow spectral range. If the lens is to be used over a wide spectral range, as for example for picture taking in normal color photography, then instead of monochromatic image-error correction, an achromatism should be brought about over the wider spectral range required. For this purpose, in known manner, the glasses are so determined that the color dispersion of the glasses used, defined by their corresponding v values (Abbe number v) then serves to eliminate the wave-length-dependent chromatic errors entering into consideration. During the course of making this invention it was found, by way of confirmation, that upon the development of the so-called initial forms or preforms for the objectives in accordance with this invention, and then in the course of the subsequent technical rough shaping (rough form) in known manner with the first correction normally customary here in the Seidel range (third order) the use of a standard index of refraction, for example, the index with reference to the yellow d-line of the helium spectrum, (wavelength 5876 Angstrom units) can take place in purely routine manner, the index of refraction for this wavelength being shown in many commercial catalogues of manufacturers of optical glasses.

In some of the tables of examples, the above mentioned Abbe number of the glass is given, under the heading v_(d).

In the drawings as well as in the data tables of specific examples, the air lens spaces are indicated, α indicating the diverging air lens in the structural group A close in front of the stop or diaphragm space, and β the corresponding diverging or negative-acting air lens in the structural group B, and x indicating the collecting air space between the two optical groups A and B. Furthermore, in addition, the diverging air lens following the negative N in the rear member of the objective, is designated by γ, while the air space in front of the front surface of this negative component N is designated as the central vertex space CS. The individual members of the objective which are surrounded by air on both sides are furthermore indicated consecutively by the Roman numerals I, II, III, etc.

In the data tables, the right hand column with the heading "Des." gives the designation of the various members or groups according to the alphabetical designations used in the drawings, to enable quick comparison of the data tables with the drawings.

The headings of the various data tables also show the number of the figure of the drawings which is intended to illustrate the particular example in each table. In this connection it should be mentioned that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, and are intended to illustrate the general arrangement and shape of various optical elements according to various specific examples of the invention, rather than illustrating exactly or precisely any one embodiment. Thus each figure of the drawings may serve to illustrate diagrammatically more than one specific example, even though there may be differences in the radii, thicknesses, and spacings of the elements of one example as compared with those of another example illustrated schematically in the same drawing. Also it should be noted that, for the sake of clarity of the diagrammatic or schematic illustration, each separate optical element has been shown somewhat spaced from the next adjacent element, notwithstanding that in some cases there is actually no spacing between elements, as will be apparent from the tabular data in the specific examples.

                                      Example 1                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 1)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.7     2ω.sub.o = 71°                                                                s.sub.∞' = +1.2587 F                                         Thicknesses and     Desig-                                  Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings        n.sub.d                                                                            nation                                  __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.2850                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.0671                                                                           n.sub.1 = 1.6230                                                                       N,B                                              R.sub.1 ' = + 0.8402                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.4104 (β)                                                                         B                                                R.sub.2 = - 3.5873                                                    II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.4216                                                                           n.sub.2 = 1.6970                                         R.sub.2 ' = - 2.0361                                                                     s.sub.23 = 0.0825 (x)                                                R.sub.3 = + 0.8705                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.0608                                                                           n.sub.3 = 1.7440                                                                       N,A                                              R.sub.3 ' = + 0.6098                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.3200 (α)                                          R.sub.4a  = + 1.0472                                                       L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a  = 0.4897                                                                         n.sub.4a = 1.7440                                                                      A                                                R.sub.4a ' = - 1.7786                                                 IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.4b  = - 1.7786                                                       L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b  = 0.2050                                                                         n.sub.4b = 1.6227                                        R.sub.4b ' =- 1.2905                                                                     CS = 0.18245                                                         R.sub.5 = - 1.0304                                                    V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.0417                                                                           n.sub.5 = 1.8467                                                                       N                                                R.sub.5 ' = + 1.4005                                                                     s.sub.56 = 0.0744 (γ)                                          R.sub.6 = - 1.7081                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 =  0.1713                                                                          n.sub.6 = 1.7308                                         R.sub.6 ' = - 0.8482                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.00355                                                   R.sub.7 = + 4.4726                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.1295                                                                           n.sub.7 = 1.7290                                         R.sub.7 ' = - 1.384946                                                __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 2                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 1)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.5     2ω.sub.o = 71°                                                              s.sub.∞ ' = + 1.2614 F                                          Thicknesses and                                            Member                                                                              Lens  Radii   Spacings    n.sub.d                                                                             Des.                                       __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.800                                                     I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.060                                                                          n.sub.1 = 1.623                                                                       N,B                                                 R.sub.1 ' = + 0.720                                                                      s.sub.12 = 0.380 (β)                                                                       B                                                   R.sub.2 = ± plan                                                   II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.600                                                                          n.sub.2 = 1.638                                            R.sub.2 ' = - 1.800                                                                      s.sub.23 = 0.010 (x)                                                 R.sub.3 = + 1.250                                                     III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.100                                                                          n.sub.3 = 1.744                                                                       N,A                                                 R.sub.3 ' = + 0.630                                                                      s.sub.34 = 0.300 (α)                                           R.sub.4a = + 0.910                                                         L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.290                                                                         n.sub.4a = 1.744                                                                      A                                                   R.sub.4a ' = - 0.910                                                  IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.4b = - 0.910                                                         L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.350                                                                         n.sub.4b = 1.638                                           R.sub.4b ' = - 1.730                                                                     CS = 0.135                                                           R.sub.5 = - 0.910                                                     V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.070                                                                          n.sub.5 = 1.840                                                                       N                                                   R.sub.5 ' = + 1.450                                                                      s.sub.56 = 0.050 (γ)                                           R.sub.6 = - 3.350                                                     VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = n.sub.6 = 1.710                                            R.sub.6 ' = - 0.780                                                                      s.sub.67 = 0.002                                                     R.sub.7 = ± plan                                                   VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.128                                                                          n.sub.7 = 1.758                                            R.sub.7 ' = - 1.40126                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 3                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 1)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.3     2ω.sub.o = 74°                                                                s.sub.∞ ' = + 1.2587 F                                       Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings      n.sub.d                                                                             Des.                                     __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.0864                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.1022                                                                           n.sub.1 = 1.623                                                                       N,B                                               R.sub.1 ' = + 0.7487                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.3410 (β)                                                                        B                                                 R.sub.2 = - 4.3840                                                    II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.2463                                                                           n.sub.2 = 1.685                                          R.sub.2 ' = - 2.2654                                                                     s.sub.23 = 0.0025 (x)                                                R.sub.3 = + 1.0208                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.0575                                                                           n.sub.3 = 1.744                                                                       N,A                                               R.sub.3 ' = + 0.6236                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.2450 (α)                                          R.sub.4a = + 1.0135                                                        L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.5112                                                                          n.sub.4a = 1.744                                                                      A                                                 R.sub.4a ' = - 1.1690                                                 IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.4b = - 1.1690                                                        L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.2035                                                                          n.sub.4b =  1.596                                        R.sub.4b ' = - 1.2761                                                                    CS = 0.2186                                                          R.sub.5 = - 0.8662                                                    V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.0407                                                                           n.sub.5 = 1.847                                                                       N                                                 R.sub.5 ' = - 1.7584                                                                     s.sub.56 = 0.0739 (γ)                                          R.sub.6 = - 1.4808                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.1207                                                                           n.sub.6 =  1.731                                         R.sub.6 ' = - 0.7486                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.0028                                                    R.sub.7 = + 5.1500                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.1428                                                                           n.sub.7 = 1.729                                          R.sub.7 ' = - 1.11751                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 4                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 1)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.1     2ω.sub.o = 74.5°                                                              s.sub.∞ ' = + 1.2587 F                                       Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings    n.sub.d Des.                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.8875                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.0558                                                                           n.sub.1 = 1.6230                                                                       N,B                                              R.sub.1 ' = + 0.7626                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.3876 (β)                                                                         B                                                R.sub.2 = - 2.4000                                                    II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.4348                                                                           n.sub.2 = 1.6450                                         R.sub.2 ' = - 1.6645                                                                     s.sub.23 = 0.0100 (x)                                                R.sub.3 = + 0.8518                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.0620                                                                           n.sub.3 = 1.7440                                                                        N,A                                             R.sub.3 ' = + 0.6100                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.3232 (α)                                          R.sub.4a = + 0.8942                                                        L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.5194                                                                          n.sub.4a = 1.7440                                                                      A                                                R.sub.4a ' = - 0.7070                                                 IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.4b = - 0.7070                                                        L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.1008                                                                          n.sub.4b = 1.6690                                        R.sub.4b ' = - 2.3013                                                                    CS = 0.1462                                                          R.sub.5 = - 0.9297                                                    V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.0421                                                                           n.sub.5 = 1.8470                                                                       N                                                R.sub.5 ' = + 1.3678                                                                     s.sub.56 = 0.0692 (γ)                                          R.sub.6 = - 2.8018                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.0967                                                                           n.sub.6 = 1.7320                                         R.sub. 6 ' = - 0.8018                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.0033                                                    R.sub.7 = + 148.81                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.1310                                                                           n.sub.7 = 1.7420                                         R.sub.7 ' = - 1.175335                                                __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 5                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 1)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.07    2ω.sub.o = 74.5°                                                              s.sub.∞ ' = + 1.2586 F                                       Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings      n.sub.d                                                                             Des.                                     __________________________________________________________________________               R.sub.1 = + 1.8588                                                   I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.0566                                                                           n.sub.1 = 1.623                                                                       N,B                                               R.sub.1 ' = + 0.8055                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.3646 (β)                                                                        B                                                 R.sub.2 = - 2.7587                                                    II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.5530                                                                           n.sub.2 = 1.644                                          R.sub.2 ' = - 2.0255                                                                     s.sub.23 = 0.0034 (x)                                                R.sub.3 = + 0.8573                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.0601                                                                           n.sub.3 =  1.784                                                                      N,A                                               R.sub.3 ' = + 0.6001                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.3053 (α)                                          R.sub.4a = + 0.9508                                                        L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.4842                                                                          n.sub.4a = 1.744                                         R.sub.4a ' = - 0.7125                                                 IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.4b = - 0.7125                                                        L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.0775                                                                          n.sub.4b = 1.664                                         R.sub.4b ' = - 2.5621                                                                    CS = 0.23425                                                         R.sub.5 = - 0.9797                                                    V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.0434                                                                           n.sub.5 = 1.847                                                                       N                                                 R.sub.5 ' = + 1.5456                                                                     s.sub.56 = 0.0664 (γ)                                          R.sub.6 = - 3.0370                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.1024                                                                           n.sub.6 = 1.727                                          R.sub.6 ' = - 0.7763                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.0057                                                    R.sub.7 = + 63.570                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.1201                                                                           n.sub.7 = 1.776                                          R.sub.7 ' = - 1.326092                                                __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 6                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 1)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.1     2ω.sub.o = 74.5°                                                              s.sub.∞ ' = + 1.2583 F                                       Thicknessess and                                            Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacngs       n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                   Des.                                   __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.00966                                                   I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.062399                                                                         1.62299/58.06                                                                           N,B                                             R.sub.1 ' = + 0.78299                                                                    s.sub.12 = 0.369912 (β)                                                                        B                                               R.sub.2 = - 3.39819                                                   II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.537113                                                                         1.65844/50.88                                            R.sub.2 ' = - 2.00966                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.002413 (x)                                              R.sub.3 = + 0.93057                                                   III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.101010                                                                         1.74400/44.77                                                                           N,A                                             R.sub.3 ' = + 0.61306                                                                    s.sub.34 = 0.275107 (α)                                        R.sub.4a = + 0.91068                                                       L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.288552                                                                        1.74400/44.77                                            R.sub.4a ' = - 0.84138                                                IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.4b = - 0.84138                                                       L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.347848                                                                        1.63854/55.38                                            R.sub.4b ' = - 1.80405                                                                   CS = 0.132037                                                        R.sub.5 = - 0.92388                                                   V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.065846                                                                         1.8466/23.82                                                                            N                                               R.sub.5 ' = + 1.44334                                                                    s.sub.56 = 0.061365 (γ)                                        R.sub.6 = - 3.37381                                                   VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.163409                                                                         1.71300/53.85                                            R.sub.6 ' = - 0.78864                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.003103                                                  R.sub.7 = + 153.991                                                   VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7  = 0.131348                                                                        1.75719/47.83                                            R.sub.7 ' = - 1.392357                                                __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 7                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 2)                                                                       F = 1.0000 f/2.1   2ω.sub.o = 74°                                                               s.sub.∞ ' = + 1.2586 F                                        Thicknesses and                                                                           n.sub.d Des.                                     Member                                                                              Lens                                                                               Radii     Spacings                                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.8408                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.05593                                                                         n.sub.1 = 1.6230                                                                       N,B                                               R.sub.1 ' = + 0.8063                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.35616 (β)                                          R.sub.2a = - 2.9938                                                        L.sub.2a      d.sub.2a = 0.12068                                                                        n.sub.2a = 1.6441                                         R.sub.2a ' = ± plan                                                II∠          s.sub.2a,b = 0.16223                                                 R.sub.2b = ± plan                                                       L.sub.2b      d.sub.2b = 0.15518                                                                        n.sub.2b = 1.6441                                         R.sub.2b ' = - 2.1862                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.00172 (x)                                               R.sub.3 = + 0.9065                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.06166                                                                         n.sub.3 = 1.7845                                                                       N,A                                               R.sub.3 ' = + 0.6183                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.30560 (α)                                         R.sub.4a = + 0.9810                                                        L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.48840                                                                        n.sub.4a = 1.7440                                         R.sub.4a ' = - 0.8015                                                 IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.4b = - 0.8015                                                        L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.08630                                                                        n.sub.4b = 1.6622                                         R.sub.4b ' = - 2.2830                                                                    CS = 0.26028                                                         R.sub.5 = - 0.9843                                                    V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.04270                                                                         n.sub.5 = 1.8466                                                                       N                                                 R.sub.5 ' = + 1.6384                                                                     s.sub.56 = 0.06852 (γ)                                         R.sub.6 = - 2.1270                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.09600                                                                         n.sub.6 = 1.7223                                          R.sub.6 ' = - 0.7800                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.00355                                                   R.sub.7 = + 9.5810                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.12045                                                                         n.sub.7 = 1.7720                                          R.sub.7 ' = - 1.26038                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 8                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 3)                                                                       F = 1.0000 f/2.1   2ω.sub.o = 74.5°                                                             s.sub.∞ ' = + 1.2590 F                     Member                                                                              Lens                                                                               Radii     Thicknessess and                                                                           n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                    Des.                                                       Spacings                                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.27339                                                   I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.063321                                                                        1.62299/58.06                                                                           N,B                                              R' = + 0.79256                                                                           s.sub.12 = 0.401806 (β)                                                                            B                                           R.sub.2 = - 2.85344                                                   II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.536455                                                                        1.63854/55.38                                             R.sub.2 ' = - 1.68505                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.003623 (x)                                              R.sub.3 = + 0.84159                                                   III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 32 1.7440/44.77                                                                            N,A                                              R.sub.3 ' = + 0.62461                                                                    s.sub.34 = 0.310465 (α)                                        R.sub.4a = + 0.92793                                                  L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.315917                                                                       1.74400/44.77                                    |                                                                              R.sub.4a ' = - 0.69260                                                 |        s.sub.4a,b 32  0                                            |                                                                              R.sub.4b = - 0.69260                                                  IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.112460                                                                       1.67003/47.12                                    |                                                                              R.sub.4b ' = + 1.85739                                                |         s.sub.4b,c = 0.113875                                        |                                                                             R.sub.4c = + 2.96048                                                   L.sub.4c          d.sub.4c = 0.180268                                                                       1.70181/41.02                                             R.sub.4c ' = - 1.86261                                                                   CS = 0.125539                                                        R.sub.5 = - 0.83832                                                   V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.067324                                                                        1.84666/23.82                                                                           N                                                R.sub.5 ' = + 1.79315                                                                    s.sub.56 = 0.060112 (γ)                                        R.sub.6 = - 3.02071                                                   VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.106456                                                                        1.71300/53.85                                             R.sub.6 ' = - 0.84727                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.026605                                                  R.sub.7 = - 45.4622                                                   VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.130335                                                                        1.78831/47.37                                             R.sub.7 ' = - 1.163478                                                __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 9                                    __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 4)                                                                       F = 1.0000 f/2.3   2ω.sub.o = 73°                                                               s.sub.∞'  = + 1.2586 F                                        Thicknesses and                                                                            n.sub.d Des.                                                       Spacings                                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.8408                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.05593                                                                         n.sub.1 = 1.6230                                                                        N,B                                              R.sub.1 ' = + 0.8063                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.35616 (β)                                          R.sub.2 = - 2.9938                                                    II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.54240                                                                         n.sub.2 = 1.6441                                          R.sub.2 ' = - 2.1857                                                                     s.sub.23 = 0.00185 (x)                                               R.sub.3 = + 0.9065                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.06165                                                                         n.sub.3 = 1.7845                                                                        N,A                                              R.sub.3 ' = + 0.6183                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.30565 (α)                                         R.sub.4a = + 0.9810                                                   L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.15517                                                                        n.sub.4a = 1.7440                                 |                                                                             R.sub.4a ' = ± plan                                                 |        s.sub.4a,b = 0.10200                                         |                                                                             R.sub.4b = ± plan                                                  IV-------- L.sub.4b                                                                               d.sub.4b = 0.15517                                                                        n.sub.4b = 1.7440                                 |                                                                             R.sub.4b ' = - 0.8015                                                  |        s.sub.4b,c = 0                                               |                                                                             R.sub.4c = - 0.8015                                                   L.sub.4c           d.sub.4d = 0.08630                                                                        n.sub.4c = 1.6622                                                   R.sub.4c ' = - 2.2834                                                           CS = 0.26028                                                        R.sub.5 = - 0.9843                                                    V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5  = 0.04270                                                                        n.sub.5 = 1.8466                                                                        N                                                R.sub.5 ' = + 1.6383                                                                     s.sub.56 = 0.06851 (γ)                                         R.sub.6 = - 2.1270                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.09600                                                                         n.sub.6 = 1.7223                                          R.sub.6 ' = - 0.7800                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.00355                                                   R.sub.7 - + 9.5810                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.12044                                                                         n.sub.7 = 1.7720                                          R.sub.7 ' = - 1.26031                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 10                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 5)                                                                       F = 1.0000 f/2.3   2ω.sub.o = 74°                                                               s.sub.∞ ' = + 1.2591 F                                        Thicknesses and                                                                            n.sub.d Des.                                    Member                                                                              Lens                                                                               Radii     Spacings                                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1a = + 1.8000                                                        L.sub.1a      d.sub.1a = 0.06825                                                                        n.sub.1a = 1.713                                          R.sub.1a ' = + 1.4700                                                 I∠           s.sub.1a,b = 0.05200                                                                               N,B                                              R.sub.1b = + 1.8000                                                        L.sub.1b      d.sub.1b = 0.06480                                                                        n.sub.1b = 1.620                                                                             B                                           R.sub.1b ' = + 0.8000                                                                    s.sub.12 = 0.40200 (β)                                          R.sub.2 = - 2.7735                                                    II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.56460                                                                         n.sub.2 =1.639                                            R.sub.2 ' = - 1.6863                                                                     s.sub.23 = 0.00360 (x)                                               R.sub.3 = + 0.8416                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.06477                                                                         n.sub.3 = 1.744                                                                         N,A                                              R.sub.3 ' = + 0.6246                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.31046 (α)                                         R.sub.4a = + 0.9279                                                   L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.31654                                                                        n.sub.4a = 1.744                                  |                                                                     |        s.sub.4a,b = 0                                               |                                                                             R.sub.4b = - 0.6246                                                   IV-------- L.sub.4b                                                                               d.sub.4b = 0.11200                                                                        n.sub.4b = 1.670                                  |                                                                             R.sub.4b ' = + 1.8000                                                  |        s.sub.4b,c = 0.10950                                         |                                                                             R.sub.4c = + 3.1404                                                   L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c = 0.18550                                                                        n.sub.4c = 1.702                                          R.sub.4c ' = - 1.8000                                                                    CS = 0.12550                                                         R.sub.5 = - 0.416                                                     V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.06488                                                                         n.sub.5 = 1.848                                                                         N                                                R.sub.5 ' = + 1.8000                                                                     s.sub.56 = 0.06200 (γ)                                         R.sub.6 = - 2.7735                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.10650                                                                         n.sub.6 = 1.713                                           R.sub.6 ' = - 0.8473                                                                     S.sub.67 = 0.02660                                                   R.sub.7 = ± plan                                                   VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.16136                                                                         n.sub.7 = 1.788                                           R.sub.7 ' = ± plan                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 11                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 6)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.1     2ω.sub.o = 74°                                                              S.sub.∞' = + 1.2621 F                                          Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings    n.sub.d /ν .sub.d                                                                   Des.                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1a = + 6.06896                                                       L.sub.1a      d.sub.1a = 0.274276                                                                      1.62299/58.06                                              R.sub.1a ' = + 26.81329                                               I∠           s.sub.1a,b = 0.116872                                                                              N,B                                              R.sub.1b = + 4.11457                                                       L.sub.1b      d.sub.1b = 0.103334                                                                      1.62299/58.06  B                                           R.sub.1b ' = + 0.75189                                                                   s.sub.12 = 0.406824                                                                      (β)                                                   R.sub.2 = - 2.67095                                                   II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.527744                                                                       1.63854/55.38                                              R.sub.2 ' = - 1.66321                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.001945                                                                      (x)                                                        R.sub. 3 = + 0.79976                                                  III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.109386                                                                       1.74400/44.77                                                                            N,A                                              R.sub.3 ' = + 0.61121                                                                    s.sub.34 = 0.345903                                                                      (α)                                                  R.sub.4a = + 0.99589                                                  L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.326579                                                                      1.74400/44.77                                     |                                                                              R.sub.4a ' = - 1.35427                                                |         s.sub.4a,b = 0           A                                  |                                                                              R.sub.4b = - 1.35427                                                  IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.100093                                                                      1.67003/47.12                                     |                                                                              R.sub.4b ' = + 9.44666                                                |         s.sub.4b,c = 0.076459                                       |                                                                              R.sub.4c = - 4.68440                                                  L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c = 0.165648                                                                      1.70181/41.02                                              R.sub.4 ' = - 1.24868                                                                    CS = 0.134524                                                        R.sub. 5 =  - 1.08993                                                 V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.047369                                                                       1.84666/23.82                                                                            N                                                R.sub.5 ' = + 1.41522                                                                    s.sub.56 = 0.071779                                                                      (τ)                                                    R.sub.6 = - 13.44784                                                  VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.107141                                                                       1.71300/53.85                                              R.sub.6 ' = - 0.92784                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.006631                                                  R.sub.7 = + 3.60922                                                   VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.143634                                                                       1.78831/47.37                                              R.sub.7 ' = - 2.87824                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 12                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 7)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.1     2ω.sub.o = 74.5°                                                            s.sub.∞' = + 1.2687 F                                          Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings    n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                    Des.                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.66056                                                   I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.055207                                                                       1.63854/55.38                                                                            N,B                                              R.sub.1 ' = + 0.74984                                                                    s.sub.12 = 0.383671                                                                      (β)       B                                           R.sub.2 = - 2.25474                                                   II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.412143                                                                       1.66446/35.84                                              R.sub.2 ' = - 1.59625                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.001736                                                                      (x)                                                        R.sub.3 = + 1.05161                                                   III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.079859                                                                       1.74400/44.77                                                                            N,A                                              R.sub.3 ' = + 0.72856                                                                    s.sub.34 = 0.246869                                                                      (α)                                                  R.sub.4a = + 1.10591                                                  L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.312492                                                                      1.74400/44.77                                     |                                                                              R.sub.4a ' = - 0.75526                                                |         s.sub.4a,b = 0                                              |                                                                              R.sub.4b = - 0.75526                                                  IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.238189                                                                      1.60562/43.92                                     |                                                                              R.sub.4b ' = + 5.66375                                                |         s.sub.4b,c = 0.173607                                       |                                                                              R.sub.4c = + 4.69746                                                  L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c = 0.207287                                                                      1.72000/50.42                                              R.sub.4 ' = - 1.46420                                                                    CS = 0.061110                                                        R.sub.5 = - 0.89762                                                   V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.269785                                                                       1.80518/25.43                                                                            N                                                R.sub.5 ' = + 1.67871                                                                    s.sub.56 = 0.071526                                                                      (τ)                                                    R.sub.6  = - 4.37108                                                  VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.099998                                                                       1.71300/53.85                                              R.sub.6 ' = - 1.08230                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.003472                                                  R.sub.7 = - 25.29870                                                  VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.105206                                                                       1.78831/47.37                                              R.sub.7 ' = - 1.25886                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 13                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 7)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.1     2ω.sub.o = 74.5°                                                            s.sub.∞' = + 1.2709 F                                          Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings    n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                    Des.                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.26535                                                   I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.055520                                                                       1.61765/55.15                                                                            N,B                                              R.sub.1 ' = + 0.76789                                                                    s.sub.12 = 0.379649                                                                      (β)       B                                           R.sub.2 = - 2.33423                                                   II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.408954                                                                       1.66446/35.84                                              R.sub.2 ' = - 1.59449                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.011632                                                                      (x)                                                        R.sub.3 = + 0.86457                                                   III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.074340                                                                       1.74400/44.77                                                                            N,A                                              R.sub.3 ' = + 0.64179                                                                    s.sub.34 = 0.310552                                                                      (α)                                                  R.sub.4a = + 1.06323                                                  L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.312497                                                                      1.74400/44.77                                     |                                                                              R.sub.4a ' = - 0.69612                                                |         s.sub.4a,b = 0           A                                  |                                                                              R.sub.4b = - 0.69612                                                  IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.178818                                                                      1.63930/45.18                                     |                                                                              R.sub.4b ' = + 1.00083                                                |         s.sub.4b,c = 0.170137                                       |                                                                              R.sub.4c = + 6.25996                                                  L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c = 0.150346                                                                      1.72000/50.42                                              R.sub.4c ' = - 1.33957                                                                   CS = 0.086596                                                        R.sub.5 = - 0.84073                                                   V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.193366                                                                       1.80518/25.43                                                                            N                                                R.sub.5 ' = + 1.86314                                                                    s.sub.56 = 0.073888                                                                      (τ)                                                    R.sub.6 = -  4.21844                                                  VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.107048                                                                       1.71300/53.85                                              R.sub.6 ' = - 1.01593                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.001840                                                  R.sub.7 = + 44.35558                                                  VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.128783                                                                       1.78831/47.37                                              R.sub.7 ' = - 1.30095                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 14                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 8)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.1     2ω.sub.o = 75°                                                              s.sub.∞' = + 1.2587 F                                          Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings    n.sub.d Des.                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.9880                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.05362                                                                        n.sub.1 = 1.6230                                                                         N,B                                              R.sub.1 ' = + 0.7849                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.30053                                                                       (β)       B                                           R.sub.2 = - 10.757                                                    II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.27752                                                                        n.sub.2 = 1.7031                                           R.sub.2 ' = - 3.0655                                                                     s.sub.23 = 0.00262                                                                       (x)                                                        R.sub.3 = + 0.9888                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.05680                                                                        n.sub.3 = 1.7844                                                                         N,A                                              R.sub.3 ' = + 0.5840                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.26857                                                                       (α)                                                  R.sub.4a = + 1.0145                                                        L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.49112                                                                       n.sub.4a = 1.7440                                          R.sub.4a ' = - 1.6585                                                 IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0           A                                           R.sub.4b = - 1.6585                                                        L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.17648                                                                       n.sub.4b = 1.6401                                          R.sub.4b ' = - 1.1749                                                                    CS = 0.07075                                                         R.sub.5 = + 1.5440                                                    V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.07290                                                                        n.sub.5 = 1.7013                                           R.sub.5 ' = + 1.2392                                                                     s.sub.56 = 0.11513                                                   R.sub.6 = - 0.7751                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.04137                                                                        n.sub.6 = 1.8466                                                                         N                                                R.sub.6 ' = + 2.2732                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.06383                                                                       (τ)                                                    R.sub.7 = - 1.8810                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = n.sub.7 = 1.7290                                           R.sub.7 ' = - 0.6893                                                                     s.sub.78 = 0.00218                                                   R.sub.8 = + 4.9915                                                    VIII L.sub.8       d.sub.8 = 0.15193                                                                        n.sub.8 = 1.7347                                           R.sub.8 ' = - 1.317666                                                __________________________________________________________________________

The above examples 1-14 have been so selected from the broad scope of use provided by the new principle of design in accordance with this invention, that in all of them the negative meniscus N, A (component III) contained in group A close to the central space CS is developed as an individual lens element, in order to facilitate mutual comparison. The same applies also to the negative lens N which is located in the back group or member behind the space CS. In these above 14 examples, use has been made, at various places, of the above described splitting of a lens. Thus in examples 10 and 11, the negative meniscus N, B (component I) of the front group B is divided into two individual lenses L_(1a) and L_(1b), these two adjacent individual lens elements having powers of the same sign, in example 10, and powers of opposite sign, in example 11.

In examples 1-7, as well as in example 14, the positive individual member (IV) of the group A is composed of two individual lens elements, and thus forms a doublet, while in examples 8-13 this member is formed as a positive triplet set. In the latter case, the third or rear lens of this triplet is brought for reasons of correction (for instance, due to the glass selected) very close to the rear member of the objective, and thus to the negative component N, thus making the central vertex space CS in front of the negative element N very small, and not advantageous for the placing of a stop or diaphragm, especially an iris diaphragm. In accordance with examples 12 and 13 such a diaphragm can be shifted into the air space preceding this third lens element L_(4c) in order in this way to provide an easier mechanical and structural arrangement.

Example 14 shows a variation in which there has been provided, behind the group A and directly in front of the negative element N of the rear member, a meniscus which serves as an additional corrector, and has its concave side facing the negative component N. This meniscus serves for additional increase in definition in the lateral field of the picture, and simultaneously provides a particularly good balancing-out of the corresponding surface individual coefficients of the distortion error.

Objectives according to the present invention are furthermore excellently suited for obtaining extremely high definition over their wide-angle field of view, since in practical embodiments of the invention, use can be made of aspherical surface effects which reduce residual aberration. For this purpose an aspherical shape which preferably borders on air is introduced, preferably on a lens surface of small diameter. For this additional improvement, it is preferred to develop the aspherical surface on a glass-air surface arranged in the vicinity of the stop or diaphragm, in this instance in the rear member, since in this structural region of the objective the lens diameters of the individual elements lie near their minimum diameter, as a result of which there is obtained the possibility of particularly favorable and reliable manufacture.

Examples 15-21 have been provided, in this manner, with such aspherical surface shapes. In order to facilitate mutual comparison, these aspherical surfaces have been placed uniformly on the front surface (radius R₆) of the first collecting part of the rear member which is surrounded by air on both sides. This front surface adjoins the air lens γ behind the negative component N of the rear group.

It is furthermore shown in some of these examples that individual lens components can be split to provide neighboring radii (at opposite sides of the split) having either the same directional sign or a different directional sign, as shown by the development of the collecting lens member II in the group B of examples 15 and 16. In these two examples it has also been shown that the inner air space at this split may be even smaller (as in example 15) or larger (as in example 16) than the sum of the axial center thicknesses of the two split elements L_(2a) and L_(2b), whereby specifically in the last mentioned case, the topheaviness of such high-power wide-angle objectives can be reduced in a particularly advantageous manner.

                                      Example 15                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 9)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.1     2ω.sub.o = 77°                                                              s.sub.∞' = + 1.3449 F                                          Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings    n.sub.d Des.                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.5000                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.0850                                                                         n.sub.1 = 1.7170                                                                         N,B                                              R.sub.1 ' = + 0.9100                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.4750                                                                        (β)                                                   R.sub.2a = - 3.2000                                                        L.sub.2a      d.sub.2a = 0.1713                                                                        n.sub.2a = 1.7130                                                                             B                                           R.sub.2a ' = - 2.5000                                                 II∠          s.sub.2a,b = 0.2000                                                  R.sub.2b = - 2.5000                                                        L.sub.2b      d.sub.2b = 0.1409                                                                        n.sub.2b = 1.7880                                          R.sub.2b '  = - 2.1000                                                                   s.sub.23 = 0.1890                                                                        (x)                                                        R.sub.3 = + 0.9100                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.0708                                                                         n.sub.3 = 1.7880                                                                         N,A                                              R.sub.3 ' = + 0.6690                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.3255                                                                        (α)                                                  R.sub.4a = + 1.0670                                                   L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.3050                                                                        n.sub.4a = 1.7440                                 |                                                                              R.sub.4a ' = - 0.9100                                                 |         s.sub.4a,b = 0           A                                  |                                                                              R.sub.4b = - 0.9100                                                   IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.0790                                                                        n.sub.4b = 1.5800                                 |                                                                              R.sub.4b ' = + 15.000                                                 |         s.sub.4b,c = 0.0754                                         |                                                                              R.sub.4c = - 6.8850                                                   L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c = 0.1080                                                                        n.sub.4c = 1.5700                                          R.sub.4c ' = - 1.9550                                                                    CS = 0.1706                                                          R.sub.5a = - 0.9920                                                        L.sub.5a      d.sub.5a = 0.2230                                                                        n.sub.5a = 1.7330                                          R.sub.5a ' = - 1.0670                                                 V∠           s.sub.5a,b = 0      N                                                R.sub.5b = - 1.0670                                                        L.sub.5b      d.sub.5b = 0.0600                                                                        n.sub.5b = 1.8230                                          R.sub.5b ' = + 2.0880                                                                    s.sub.56 = 0.0500                                                                        (τ)                                                    R.sub.6 = + 26.909                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.1100                                                                         n.sub.6 = 1.7880                                           R.sub.6 ' = - 1.2070                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.0015                                                    R.sub.7 = - 3.0040                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.1010                                                                         n.sub.7 = 1.7880                                           R.sub.7 ' = - 1.06197                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 16                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 9)                                                                       F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.1     2ω.sub.o = 78°                                                              s.sub.∞' = + 1.3451 F                                          Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings    n.sub.d Des.                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.5000                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.0850                                                                         n.sub.1 = 1.7170                                                                         N,B                                              R.sub.1 ' = + 0.9100                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.4750                                                                        (β)                                                   R.sub.2a = - 3.5000                                                        L.sub.2a      d.sub.2a = 0.0600                                                                        n.sub.2a = 1.6210                                                                             B                                           R.sub.2a ' = + 159.00                                                 II∠          s.sub.2a,b = 0.2100                                                  R.sub.2b = - 26.909                                                        L.sub.2b      d.sub.2b = 0.1200                                                                        n.sub.2b = 1.7880                                          R.sub.2b ' = - 2.4000                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.1636                                                                        (x)                                                        R.sub.3 = + 0.9097                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.0708                                                                         n.sub.3 = 1.7880                                                                         N,A                                              R.sub.3 ' = + 0.6690                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.32548                                                                       (α)                                                  R.sub.4a = + 1.0670                                                   L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.3050                                                                        n.sub.4a = 1.7440                                 |                                                                              R.sub.4a ' = - 0.9097                                                 |         s.sub.4a,b = 0           A                                  |                                                                              R.sub.4b = - 0.9097                                                   IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.0790                                                                        n.sub.4b = 1.5800                                 |                                                                              R.sub.4b ' = + 15.900                                                 |         s.sub.4b,c = 0.0754                                         |                                                                              R.sub.4c = - 6.8850                                                   L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c = 0.1080                                                                        n.sub.4c = 1.5700                                          R.sub.4c ' = - 1.9550                                                                    CS = 0.1706                                                          R.sub.5a = - 0.9920                                                        L.sub.5a      d.sub.5a = 0.2230                                                                        n.sub.5a = 1.7330                                          R.sub.5a ' = - 1.0670                                                 V∠           s.sub.5a,b = 0      N                                                R.sub.5b = - 1.0670                                                        L.sub.5b      d.sub.5b = 0.0600                                                                        n.sub.5b = 1.8230                                          R.sub.5b ' = + 2.0880                                                                    s.sub.56 = 0.0500                                                                        (τ)                                                    R.sub.6 = + 26.909                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.1100                                                                         n.sub.6 = 1.7880                                           R.sub.6 ' = - 1.2070                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.0010                                                    R.sub.7 = - 3.0040                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.09591                                                                        n.sub.7 = 1.7880                                           R.sub.7 ' = - 1.06212                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 17                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 10)                                                                      F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.1     2ω.sub.o = 77°                                                                 s.sub.∞' = + 1.3448 F                                       Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings        n.sub.d                                                                            Des.                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.5188                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.08471                                                                           n.sub.1 = 1.713                                                                       N,B                                              R.sub.1 ' = + 0.9116                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.47714 (β)                                                                        B                                                R.sub.2 = - 3.1396                                                    II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.49928                                                                           n.sub.2 = 1.717                                         R.sub.2 ' = - 2.1185                                                                     s.sub.23 = 0.17260 (x)                                               R.sub.3 = + 0.8843                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.07010                                                                           n.sub.3 = 1.788                                                                        N,A                                             R.sub.3 ' = + 0.6547                                                                     s.sub.34 = 0.32675 (α)                                         R.sub.4a = + 1.0664                                                   L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.31445                                                                          n.sub.4a = 1.744                               |                                                                              R.sub.4a ' = - 0.8614                                                 |         s.sub.4a,b = 0      A                                       |                                                                              R.sub.4b = - 0.8614                                                   IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.06994                                                                          n.sub.4b = 1.580                               |                                                                              R.sub.4b ' = + 12.562                                                 |         s.sub.4b,c = 0.07663 (α')                             |                                                                              R.sub.4c = - 6.8940                                                   L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c = 0.10818                                                                          n.sub.4c = 1.570                                        R.sub.4c ' = - 1.9554                                                                    CS = 0.17054                                                         R.sub.5a =  - 0.9923                                                       L.sub.5a      d.sub.5a = 0.22051                                                                          n.sub.5a = 1.733                                        R.sub.5a ' = - 1.0094                                                 V∠           s.sub.5a,b = 0      N                                                R.sub.5b = - 1.0094                                                        L.sub.5b      d.sub.5b = 0.05405                                                                          n.sub.5b = 1.823                                        R.sub.5b ' = + 2.1121                                                                    s.sub.56 = 0.05038 (γ)                                         R.sub.6 = + 26.881                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.10941                                                                           n.sub.6 = 1.788                                         R.sub.6 ' = - 1.2075                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.00191                                                   R.sub.7 = - 3.0060                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.10319                                                                           n.sub.7 = 1.788                                         R.sub.7 ' = - 1.061803                                                __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 18                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 11)                                                                      F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.1     2ω.sub.o = 78°                                                                   s.sub.∞' = + 1.3448 F                                     Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings       n.sub.d                                                                            Des.                                     __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.3064                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.07701                                                                          n.sub.1 = 1.713                                                                       N,B                                               R.sub.1 ' = + 0.9426                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.49715 (β)                                                                       B                                                 R.sub.2 = - 3.4587                                                    II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.78358                                                                          n.sub.2 = 1.713                                          R.sub.2 ' = - 2.2496                                                                     s.sub.23 = 0.21166 (x)                                               R.sub.3 = + 0.9193                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.08810                                                                          n.sub.3 = 1.788                                                                       N,A                                               R.sub. 3 ' = + 0.6650                                                                    s.sub.34 = 0.32940 (α)                                         R.sub.4a = + 1.2190                                                        L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.31840                                                                         n.sub.4a = 1.744                                                                      A                                                 R.sub.4a ' = - 0.8460                                                 IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.4b = - 0.8460                                                        L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.48710                                                                         n.sub.4b = 1.534                                         R.sub.4b ' = + 7.7566                                                                    CS = 0.18320                                                         R.sub.5a = - 1.2750                                                        L.sub.5a      d.sub.5a = 0.10800                                                                         n.sub.5a = 1.945                                         R.sub.5a ' = + 3.2550                                                 V∠           s.sub.5a,b = 0     N                                                 R.sub.5b = + 3.2550                                                        L.sub.5b      d.sub.5b = 0.16275                                                                         n.sub.5b = 1.714                                         R.sub.5b ' =  + 2.8504                                                                   s.sub.56 = 0.03215 (γ)                                         R.sub.6 = + 9.5750                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.12210                                                                          d.sub.6 = 1.788                                          R.sub.6 ' = - 1.3950                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.00215 (δ)                                         R.sub.7 = - 11.579                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.13515                                                                          d.sub.7 = 1.788                                          R.sub.7 ' = - 1.241121                                                __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 19                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 12)                                                                      F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.0     2ω.sub.o = 79°                                                                 s.sub.∞' = + 1.3448 F                                       Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings        n.sub.d                                                                            Des.                                    __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 2.0000                                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.07105                                                                           n.sub.1 = 1.7130                                                                      N,B                                              R.sub.1 ' = + 0.8710                                                                     s.sub.12 = 0.46680 (β)                                                                        B                                                R.sub.2 = - 3.4960                                                    II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.56105                                                                           n.sub.2 = 1.7360                                        R.sub.2 ' = - 2.2585                                                                     s.sub.23 = 0.10480 (x)                                               R.sub.3 = + 0.8707                                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.06380                                                                           n.sub.3 = 1.7883                                                                      N,A                                              R.sub. 3 ' = + 0.6334                                                                    s.sub.34 = 0.32350 (α)                                         R.sub.4a = + 1.1119                                                        L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.29585                                                                          n.sub.4a = 1.7440                                                                     A                                                R.sub.4a ' = - 0.8265                                                 IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.4b = - 0.8265                                                        L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.39045                                                                          n.sub.4b = 1.5403                                       R.sub.4b ' = + 16.158                                                                    CS = 0.14620                                                         R.sub.5 = - 1.1119                                                    V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.24130                                                                           n.sub.5 = 1.9050                                                                      N                                                R.sub.5 ' = + 2.4908                                                                     s.sub.56 = 0.03400 (γ)                                         R.sub.6 = + 25.097                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.10320                                                                           n.sub.6 = 1.7883                                        R.sub.6 '  = - 1.1825                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.00200                                                   R.sub.7 = - 7.0710                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.11455                                                                           n.sub.7 = 1.7883                                        R.sub.7 ' = - 1.1209                                                  __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 20                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 13)                                                                      F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.0     2ω.sub.o = 79°                                                                 s.sub.∞' = + 1.3601 F                                       Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings       n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                   Des.                                  __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 3.69309                                                   I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.085974                                                                          1.71300/53.85                                                                           N,B                                            R.sub.1 ' = + 0.99881                                                                    s.sub.12 = 0.450561 (β)                                                                         B                                              R.sub.2 = - 5.49747                                                   II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.396119                                                                          1.69895/30.06                                           R.sub.2 ' = - 2.24026                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.141720 (x)                                              R.sub.3 = + 0.93354                                                   III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.067124                                                                          1.78831/47.37                                                                           N,A                                            R.sub.3 ' = + 0.63618                                                                    s.sub.34 = 0.320987 (α)                                        R.sub.4a = + 1.06005                                                  L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.318496                                                                         1.74400/44.77                                  |                                                                              R.sub.4a ' = - 0.79246                                                |         s.sub.4a,b = 0        A                                     |                                                                              R.sub.4b = - 0.79246                                                  IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.245433                                                                         1.60342/38.02                                  |                                                                              R.sub.4b ' = + 1.77608                                                |         s.sub.4b,c = 0.070917                                       |                                                                              R.sub.4c = - 6.91419                                                  L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c = 0.137889                                                                         1.71700/47.99                                                     R.sub.4c ' = - 1.53242                                                         CS = 0.310259                                                        R.sub.5 = - 0.65771                                                   V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.049539                                                                          1.80518/25.43                                                                           N                                              R.sub.5 ' = + 97.41345                                                                   s.sub.56 = 0.034750 (γ)                                        R.sub.6 = - 3.57110                                                   VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.116893                                                                          1.63854/55.38                                           R.sub.6 ' = - 0.78609                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.008084                                                  R.sub.7 = - 4.64307                                                   VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.153137                                                                          1.78831/47.37                                           R.sub.7 ' = - 0.90940                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 21                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 13)                                                                      F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.0     2ω.sub.o = 80°                                                                 S.sub.∞' = + 1.3907 F                                       Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings       n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                   Des.                                  __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 4.89012                                                   I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.085099                                                                          1.71300/53.85                                                                           N,B                                            R.sub.1 ' = + 1.09793                                                                    s.sub.12 = 0.354786 (β)                                                                         B                                              R.sub.2 = + 15.69091                                                  II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.425843                                                                          1.69895/30.06                                           R.sub.2 ' = - 3.02092                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.002124 (x)                                              R.sub.3 = + 1.19673                                                   III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.160708                                                                          1.78831/47.37                                                                           N,A                                            R.sub.3 ' = + 0.60664                                                                    s.sub.34 = 0.299594 (α)                                        R.sub.4a = + 1.07641                                                  L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.324029                                                                         1.74400/44.77                                  |                                                                              R.sub.4a ' = -0.74046                                                 |         s.sub.4a,b = 0                                              |                                                                              R.sub.4b = -0.74046                                                   IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.346817                                                                         1.60342/38.02                                  |                                                                              R.sub.4b ' = + 2.68377                                                |         s.sub.4b,c = 0.068552                                       |                                                                              R.sub.4c = - 2.24088                                                  L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c = 0.094884                                                                         1.71700/47.99                                           R.sub.4c ' = - 1.03112                                                                   CS = 0.251910                                                        R.sub.5 = - 0.59687                                                   V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.036333                                                                          1.80518/25.43                                                                           N                                              R.sub.5 ' = - 12.68244                                                                   s.sub.56 = 0.032165 (γ)                                        R.sub.6 = - 2.68675                                                   VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.119173                                                                          1.63854/55.38                                           R.sub.6 ' = - 0.73659                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.002336                                                  R.sub.7 = - 4.98373                                                   VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.165864                                                                          1.78831/47.37                                           R.sub.7 ' = - 0.85877                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

In the foregoing seven examples 15-21 there is indicated for the aspherical surface with the radius of curvature R₆ the zenith radius of this deformed lens surface at the point of intersection with the optical axis. The shape of the surface to the side of this axial locus is given in known manner by the formula

    P = c.sub.1.H.sup.2 + c.sub.2.H.sup.4 + . . . + c.sub.5.H.sup.10

in this formula, P is the depth of camber of the surface intersection locus for the coefficients height H normal to the axis. For the coefficients c₁ in these examples, there is fundamentally the expression

    c.sub.1 = (2.R.sub.6).sup.-.sup.1

and therefore c₁ is equal to the reciprocal of twice the vertex radius R₆ of each of these deformed surfaces.

The values of the other coefficients c₂, c₃, etc., can be noted for these embodiments from the following table:Example c₂ c₃ c₄ c₅______________________________________15 - 1.645779 .sup.. 10⁻ ¹ 0 0 016 - 1.645779 .sup.. 10⁻ ¹ 0 0 017 - 1.645779 .sup.. 10⁻ ¹ 0 0 018 - 1.360417 .sup.. 10⁻ ¹ 0 0 019 - 1.428147 .sup.. 10⁻ ¹ 0 0 020 - 2.853254 .sup.. 10⁻ ¹ 0 0 0______________________________________

In example 21, the respective coefficients are

    c.sub.2 = - 3.343118 .sup.. 10.sup.-.sup.1

    c.sub.3 = + 4.551811 .sup.. 10.sup.-.sup.2

The foregoing remarks and explanations apply particularly to the forms of the invention substantially in accordance with the foregoing examples 1-21 and illustrated schematically in FIGS. 1-13 of the drawings. A further development of the same basic concept is possible, and will now be disclosed particularly with reference to FIGS. 14 and 15 of the drawings, and the following examples 22-27.

According to this further developent of the invention, a particularly advantageous objective or lens system with a large angular field can be constructed, while avoiding extreme types of glass and extreme shapes of surfaces, yet providing a definite reduction of the zonal residual errors in the finitely opened ray beams passing through the objective having both medium and also very strong inclinations of these beams with respect to the optical axis, therefore providing both for a medium and for a very large anular field utilization. This is accomplished, according to the present further development of the basic invention, in the mannner that for the present subspecies of a high speed objective with large angular field, there is a change in the regional positions of the design rules set forth above with respect to examples 1-21, and the ratio of the collecting air-lens power φ_(x) relative to the surface power sums of the two negative meniscuses I and III in the members or groups B and A, respectively, is reduced as compared with the rules above stated for examples 1-21.

The quotient Q_(a) of the air-lens power φ_(x) divided by the sum of the paraxial surface powers φ_(S) (that is, φ_(I) + φ_(III)) has a negative value which is, according to this further development of the invention, in the numerical range between 0.545 and 1.165, rather than the range originally stated for this quotient Q_(a) above. Moreover, according to this further development of the invention, the quotient Q_(b) of this air lens power φ_(x) divided by the paraxial surface power sum φ_(I) of the negative component I is reduced to a value within the range of 1.165 and 2.300, rather than the range of this quotient as first given in connection with examples 1-21.

Moreover, according to this further development of the basic invention, the construction should comply also with the further rule or condition that the positive individual component II arranged behind the front negative component I is fundamentally developed as a meniscus which is convex toward the image, and thus the air space or air lens β between these two components I and II of group B always has the external shape of a biconvex lens with legs of unequal length. Thus the proportion (Q_(a), Q_(b)) of the air lens power relative to the expressions of the area power sums of these meniscus shaped negative lenses is definitely reduced, in order to obtain an increased balancing out of these refractive power sums. The specific development of these two refractive power relations during the course of the present further development of the basic invention will become clearly evident to the person skilled in the art, after such person receives the disclosure of the present invention concept, if it is borne in mind that, particularly in the case of objectives of very large angle, these two relationships of the dioptric action on the oblique course of the beam are active at places of very large distance along the path of the beam from the stop.

The specific subspecies of high power objectives of large angular field described above with respect to this further development of the basic invention, establishes the design principle, therefore, that the collecting individual lens component II of the front group B is limited to that meniscus shaped form in which its two outer radii adjoining the air have the same sign, this being a negative sign on account of these surfaces both being concave toward the front and convex toward the rear, so that this component II is shaped as a positive meniscus. An inventive concept of this further development of the basic invention, for the successful solution of the problem, can now be seen to reside in the fact that simultaneously with this meniscus shape of the individual component II, the paraxial characteristic focal length f_(Z) of the first three individual lens components I and II and III, collectively referred to as the front diverging combination Z, has a negative sign, and at the same time has a negative value within the limits of 0.655 F and 1.085 F.

The optical importance of this last mentioned rule or condition for the overall combination will be easily understood by a person skilled in the art after knowledge of the above disclosure, if it is borne in mind when analyzing the present disclosure that if one goes below the above mentioned negative minimum limit, then in the following individual components of the overall objective there will be an accumulation of positive powers of refraction which are too strong to obtain, for the objective as a whole, a high speed by assuring the realization of the focal length unit F = + 1 for the entire objective. Such an accumulation of excessively strong positive powers in the remaining part of the lens system would then lead to too great an increase in the aberrations of higher order and thus of the zonal intermediate errors in the finitely opened beams in the central area of the image as well as in the abaxial area. On the other hand, if the above stated negative upper limit of dimensioning is exceeded, then there willl also be a corresponding increase in the aberrations in the production of the image, the elimination of which would be possible in known manner, but would lead to unfavorable interrelationship between the structural length and the back focus.

A further part of the present development of the basic invention resides in the fact that the incurvature of the individual lens member II enclosed within the combination of lens components I, II, and III, collectively referred to as the group Z, is to be developed as a particularly strongly incurvated meniscus, in such manner that its Gardner incurvation number (σ_(II)) is so dimensioned that it is in the range or between the limits of -6.8 and -11.4, the negative sign of this value meaning that the rear outer surface which faces the rear of the lens system is provided with a much deeper curvature than the front outer surface. In this connection reference may be had to the above mentioned publication of I. C. Gardner, Bureau of Standards Scientific Paper no. 550, pages 82 and 83.

In the following data tables, six examples of the invention according to the above discussion of the further development of the basic concept, are given and are identified as examples 22-27. In all of these, just as in the previously discussed examples 1-21, all linear dimensions are given with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire lens system, which is considered as unity. The various notations have the same meanings already explained in connection with the earlier examples. The earlier remarks with respect to the index of refraction and the index of dispersion or Abbe number, apply also to the further examples 22-27 constituting a further development of the basic concept. For the sake of completeness of disclosure, the examples are followed by numerical compilations of certain individual features of the invention.

                                      Example 22                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 14)                                                                      F = 1.0000  f/2.9   2ω.sub.o = 71°                                                                 s.sub.∞' = + 1.3529 F                                       Thicknesses and                                            Member                                                                              Lens   Radii   Spacings   Glass                                                                             Des.                                         __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.65457      ↓                                     I    L.sub.1        d.sub.1 = 0.062195                                                                        n.sub.1                                                                           N,B ↓                                          R.sub.1 ' = + 0.67164    ↓                                                                       ↓                                                         s.sub.12 = 0.403965 (β)                                                                 ↓B                                                                      ↓                                              R.sub.2 = - 3.40474      ↓                                     II   L.sub.2        d.sub.2 = 0.303440                                                                        n.sub.2                                                  R.sub.2 ' = - 1.85987                                                                                   ↓                                                         s.sub.23 = 0.055437 (x)                                                                      ↓                                                                       ↓                                              R.sub.3 = + 1.33577      ↓                                     III  L.sub.3        d.sub.3 = 0.039787                                                                        n.sub.3                                                                           N,A ↓                                          R.sub.3 ' = + 0.49478    ↓                                                         s.sub.34 = 0.227711 (α)                                       R.sub.4a = + 0.85798                                                       L.sub.4a       d.sub.4a = 0.79477                                                                        n.sub.4a                                                                          A                                                     R.sub.4a ' = + 3.45524                                                IV∠           s.sub.4a,b = 0.147730                                               R.sub.4b = + 1.65951                                                       L.sub.4b       d.sub.4b = 0.240255                                                                       n.sub.4b                                                 R.sub.4b ' = - 1.00365                                                                    CS = s.sub.45 = 0.106584                                            R.sub.5 = - 0.81464                                                   V    L.sub.5        d.sub.5 = 0.087768                                                                        n.sub.5                                                                           N                                                     R.sub.5 ' =1.57510                                                    __________________________________________________________________________                         + 1.17984                                                                      s.sub.56 = 0.053185 (γ)                                       R.sub.6a = - 1.89577                                                       L.sub.6a       d.sub.6a = 0.036428                                                                       n.sub.6a                                        |          R.sub.6a ' = + 0.81520                                     VI                  s.sub.6a,b = 0                                                      R.sub.6b = + 0.81520                                                       L.sub.b        d.sub.6b = 0.130001                                                                       n.sub.6b                                                 R.sub.6b ' = - 0.67026                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.002175                                                 R.sub.7 = - 6.32765                                                   VII  L.sub.7        d.sub.7 = 0.074370                                                                        n.sub.7                                                  R.sub.7 ' = - 1.19479                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 23                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 14)                                                                      F = 1.0000  f/2.8   2ω.sub.o = 73°                                                                s.sub.∞' = + 1.3547 F                                        Thicknesses and                                            Member                                                                              Lens   Radii   Spacings    Glass                                                                              Des.                                       __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.91258        ↓                                   I    L.sub.1        d.sub.1 = 0.061001                                                                         n.sub.1                                                                            N,B ↓                                        R.sub.1 ' = + 0.67632      ↓                                                                       ↓                                                       s.sub.12 = 0.325923 (β)                                                                   ↓B                                                                      ↓                                            R.sub.2 = - 1.72515        ↓                                   II   L.sub.2        d.sub.2 = 0.354358                                                                         n.sub.2                                                 R.sub.2 ' = - 1.35142      ↓                                                                       ↓                                                       s.sub.23 =  0.176911 (x)                                                                       ↓                                                                       ↓                                            R.sub.3 = + 0.96714        ↓                                   III  L.sub.3        d.sub.3 = 0.088581                                                                         n.sub.                                                                             N,A ↓                                        R.sub.3 ' = + 0.59037      ↓                                                       s.sub.34 = 0.237079 (α)                                       R.sub.4a = + 0.87800                                                       L.sub.4a       d.sub.4a = 0.109338                                                                        n.sub.4a                                                                           A                                                   R.sub.4a ' = + 3.11418                                                IV∠           s.sub.4a,b = 0.131277                                               R.sub.4b = + 1.09391                                                       L.sub.4b       d.sub.4b = 0.126153                                                                        n.sub.4b                                                R.sub.4b ' = - 1.36081                                                                    CS = s.sub.45 = 0.093002                                            R.sub.5 = - 0.93251                                                   V    L.sub.5        d.sub.5 = 0.157181                                                                         n.sub.5                                                                            N                                                   R.sub.5 ' = + 0.86196                                                                     s.sub.56 = 0.055386 (γ)                                       R.sub.6a = - 5.54140                                                       L.sub.6a       d.sub.6a = 0.036662                                                                        n.sub.6a                                                R.sub.6a ' = + 0.66140                                                VI∠           s.sub.6a,b = 0                                                      R.sub.6b = + 0.66140                                                       L.sub.6b       d.sub.6b = 0.133165                                                                        n.sub.6b                                                R.sub.6b ' = - 0.73466                                                                    s.sub.67 = 0.002002                                                 R.sub.7 = - 11.12371                                                  VII  L.sub.7        d.sub.7 = 0.066729                                                                         n.sub.7                                                 R.sub.7 ' = - 1.57510                                            

                                      Example 24                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 14)                                                                      F = 1.0000  f/2.7  2ω.sub.o = 73.5°                                                              s.sub.∞' = + 1.3558 F                                        Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings    Glass                                                                              Des.                                        __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.62159       ↓                                    I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.63046                                                                          n.sub.1                                                                            N,B ↓                                         R.sub.1 ' = + 0.64757     ↓                                                                       ↓                                                       s.sub.12 = 0.362879 (β)                                                                   ↓B                                                                      ↓                                             R.sub.2 = - 1.64088                                                   II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.236511                                                                         n.sub.2                                                  R.sub.2 ' = - 1.31742     ↓                                                                       ↓                                                       s.sub.23 = 0.118200 (x)                                                                         ↓                                                                      ↓                                             R.sub.3 = + 1.71672       ↓                                    III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.065687                                                                         n.sub.3                                                                            N,A ↓                                         R.sub.3 ' = + 0.66370     ↓                                                       s.sub.34 = 0.252496 (α)                                        R.sub.4a = + 1.02061                                                       L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.114153                                                                        n.sub.4a                                                                           A                                                    R.sub.4a ' = + 7.24185                                                IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0.086283                                                R.sub.4b = + 1.01327                                                       L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.323684                                                                        n.sub.4b                                                 R.sub.4b ' = - 1.31283                                                                   CS = s.sub.45 = 0.095864                                             R.sub.5 = 0.82499                                                     V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.099192                                                                         n.sub.5                                                                            N                                                    R.sub.5 ' = + 0.92996                                                                    s.sub.56 =  0.050803 (γ)                                       R.sub.6a = - 7.45722                                                       L.sub.6a      d.sub.6a = 0.037581                                                                        n.sub.6a                                                 R.sub.6a ' = + 0.67390                                                VI∠          s.sub.6a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.6b = + 0.67390                                                       L.sub.6b      d.sub.6b = 0.134041                                                                        n.sub.6b                                                 R.sub.6b ' = - 0.72708                                                                   s.sub.67 = 0.002135                                                  R.sub.7 = + 240.7509                                                  VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.068098                                                                         n.sub.7                                                  R.sub.7 ' = - 1.62238                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 25                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 15)                                                                      F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.4     2ω.sub.o = 74°                                                               s.sub.∞' = + 1.2598 F                                         Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii  Spacings   Glass                                                                              Des.                                         __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.9800       ↓                                     I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.0650                                                                          n.sub.1                                                                            N,B ↓                                          R.sub.1 ' = + 0.7900     ↓                                                                       ↓                                                        s.sub.12 = 0.3100 (β)                                                                    ↓B                                                                      ↓                                              R.sub.2 = - 6.800                                                     II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.2850                                                                          n.sub.2                                                   R.sub.2 ' = - 3.4000     ↓-     ↓                                          s.sub.23 = 0.0050 (x)                                                                         ↓                                                                       ↓                                              R.sub.3 = + 1.0000       ↓                                     III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.0650                                                                          n.sub.3                                                                            N,A ↓                                          R.sub.3 ' = + 0.5810     ↓                                                        s.sub.34 = 0.2700 (α)                                          R.sub.4a = + 1.0000                                                   L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a = 0.1550                                                                         n.sub.4a                                                  R.sub.4a ' = - 5.5000                                                 |                                                                     |         s.sub.4a,b = 0.1053                                                                           A                                            |                                                                              R.sub.4b = - 3.4000                                                   IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.1250                                                                         n.sub.4b                                         |                                                                              R.sub.4b ' = - 1.6300                                                 |         s.sub.4b,c = 0                                              |                                                                              R.sub.4c = - 1.6300                                                   L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c = 0.1160                                                                         n.sub.4c                                                  R.sub.4c ' = - 1.1460                                                                    s.sub.45 = 0.0800                                                    R.sub.5 = + 1.1460                                                    V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.0780                                                                          n.sub.5                                                   R.sub.5 ' = + 1.3200                                                                     s.sub.56 = CS = 0.1260                                               R.sub.6 = - 0.7556                                                    VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.0420                                                                          n.sub. 6                                                                           N                                                     R.sub.6 ' = + 2.1873                                                                     s.sub.67 = 0.0650 (γ)                                          R.sub.7 = - 1.7545                                                    VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.1225                                                                          n.sub.7                                                   R.sub.7 ' = - 0.6594                                                                     s.sub.78 = 0.0025                                                    R.sub.8 = + 7.0504                                                    VIII L.sub.8       d.sub.8 = 0.1525                                                                          n.sub.8                                                   R.sub.8 ' = - 1.398065                                                __________________________________________________________________________

    Table of Indices of Refraction                                                 Example 22                                                                              Example 23  Example 24  Example 25                                    ______________________________________                                         n.sub.1 = 1.63408                                                                       n.sub.1 = 1.66787                                                                          n.sub.1 = 1.60680                                                                          n.sub.1 = 1.621                               n.sub.2 = 1.66735                                                                       n.sub.2 = 1.57810                                                                          n.sub.2 = 1.58011                                                                          n.sub.2 = 1.688                               n.sub.3 = 1.47624                                                                       n.sub.3 = 1.74400                                                                          n.sub.3 = 1.74400                                                                          n.sub.3 = 1.785                               n.sub.4a = 1.74265                                                                      n.sub.4a = 1.74367                                                                         n.sub.4a = 1.74065                                                                         n.sub.4a = 1.744                              n.sub.4b = 1.67291                                                                      n.sub.4b = 1.68135                                                                         n.sub.4b = 1.67899                                                                         n.sub.4b = 1.744                              n.sub.5 = 1.46415                                                                       n.sub.5 = 1.48842                                                                          n.sub.5 = 1.49124                                                                          n.sub.4c = 1.640                              n.sub.6a = 1.80292                                                                      n.sub.6a = 1.80031                                                                         n.sub.6a = 1.80512                                                                         n.sub.5 = 1.691                               n.sub.6b = 1.47489                                                                      n.sub.6b = 1.51009                                                                         n.sub.6b = 1.51009                                                                         n.sub.6 = 1.847                               n.sub.7 = 1.74334                                                                       n.sub.7 = 1.71470                                                                          n.sub.7 = 1.70138                                                                          n.sub.7 = 1.713                                                                n.sub.8 = 1.744                               ______________________________________                                    

                                      Example 26                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 14)                                                                      F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2.8     2ω.sub.o = 73°                                                                s.sub.∞' = + 1.3481 F                                        Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii   Spacings   Glass Des.                                      __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.67255                                                   I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.057943                                                                         (1) N,B                                                  R.sub.1 ' = + 0.67067                                                                    s.sub.12 = 0.365043 (β)                                                                   B                                                    R.sub.2 = - 1.64866                                                   II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 1.48721                                                                          (2)                                                      R.sub.2 ' = - 1.32856                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.042492 (x)                                              R.sub.3 = + 2.13602                                                   III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.049252                                                                         (3) N,A                                                  R.sub.3 ' = +                                                                             0.66107                                                                       s.sub.34 = 0.303236 (α)                                        R.sub.4a = + 1.22743                                                       L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.083052                                                                        (4.sub.a)                                                                          A                                                    R.sub.4a ' = - 66.53817                                               IV∠          s.sub.4a,b = 0.090778                                                R.sub.4b = + 1.03274                                                       L.sub.4b      d.sub.4b = 0.461615                                                                        (4.sub.b)                                                R.sub.4b ' = -  1.23632                                                                  CS = s.sub.45 = 0.094641                                             R.sub.5 = - 0.80282                                                   V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.066635                                                                         (5) N                                                    R.sub.5 ' = + 0.99622                                                                    s.sub.56 = 0.048286 (γ)                                        R.sub.6a = - 8.26213                                                       L.sub.6a      d.sub.6a = 0.036697                                                                        (6a)                                                     R.sub.6a ' = + 0.66586                                                VI∠          s.sub.6a,b = 0                                                       R.sub.6b = + 0.66586                                                       L.sub.6b      d.sub.6b = 0.129407                                                                        (6.sub.b)                                                R.sub.6b ' = - 0.75255                                                                   s.sub.67 = 0.001931                                                  R.sub.7 = - 32.41925                                                  VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.065669                                                                         (7)                                                      R.sub.7 ' = - 1.42766                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

                                      Example 27                                   __________________________________________________________________________     (FIG. 15)                                                                      F = 1.0000                                                                              f/2       2ω.sub.o = 74.5°                                                              s.sub.∞' = + 1.2586 F                                        Thicknesses and                                             Member                                                                              Lens   Radii   Spacings   Glass                                                                              Des.                                        __________________________________________________________________________              R.sub.1 = + 1.98647                                                   I    L.sub.1       d.sub.1 = 0.064579                                                                         (1) N,B                                                  R.sub.1 ' = + 0.79363                                                                    s.sub.12 = 0.310662 (β)                                                                   B                                                    R.sub.2 = - 6.94281                                                   II   L.sub.2       d.sub.2 = 0.286521                                                                         (2)                                                      R.sub.2 ' = - 3.53160                                                                    s.sub.23 = 0.003880 (x)                                              R.sub.3 = + 0.97595                                                   III  L.sub.3       d.sub.3 = 0.058213                                                                         (3) N,A                                                  R.sub.3 ' = + 0.57542                                                                    s.sub.34 = 0.268147 (α)                                        R.sub.4a = + 1.02113                                                       L.sub.4a      d.sub.4a = 0.157717                                                                        (4.sub.a)                                                R'.sub.4a  = - 5.43523                                                                   s.sub.4a,b = 0.118089                                                                          A                                                    R.sub.4b = - 3.44865                                                  IV--------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b = 0.122462                                                                        (4.sub.b)                                                R.sub.4b ' = - 1.62973                                                                   s.sub.4b,c = 0                                                       R.sub.4c = - 1.62973                                                       L.sub.4c      d.sub.4c = 0.178071                                                                        (4.sub.c)                                                R.sub.4c ' = - 1.04242                                                                   s.sub.45 = 0.077015                                                  R.sub.5 = + 1.31310                                                   V    L.sub.5       d.sub.5 = 0.076984                                                                         (5)                                                      R.sub.5 ' = + 1.40548                                                                    CS = s.sub.56 = 0.126435                                             R.sub.6 = - 0.75532                                                   VI   L.sub.6       d.sub.6 = 0.041384                                                                         (6) N                                                    R.sub. 6 ' = + 2.18656                                                                   s.sub.67 = 0.063707 (γ)                                        R.sub.7 = - 1.75314                                                   VII  L.sub.7       d.sub.7 = 0.122479                                                                         (7)                                                      R.sub.7 ' = - 0.65890                                                                    s.sub.78 = 0.002217                                                  R.sub.8 = + 7.04544                                                   VIII L.sub.8       d.sub.8 = 0.154131                                                                         (8)                                                      R.sub.8 ' = - 1.39672                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

    Table of glass values                                                          Example 26       Example 27                                                    Lens    n.sub.d / γ.sub.d                                                                     Lens      n.sub.d / γ.sub.d                         ______________________________________                                         L.sub.1                                                                               1.60361/53.65 L.sub.1  1.62299/58.06                                    L.sub.2                                                                               1.62004/36.37 L.sub.2  1.68893/31.17                                    L.sub.3                                                                               1.74400/44.77 L.sub.3  1.78443/43.90                                    L.sub.4a                                                                              1.74400/44.77 L.sub.4a 1.74400/44.77                                    L.sub.4b                                                                              1.67790/55.20 L.sub.4b 1.74400/44.77                                    L.sub.5                                                                               1.48749/70.45 L.sub.4c 1.64250/57.94                                    L.sub.6a                                                                              1.80518/25.43 L.sub.5  1.69100/54.71                                    L.sub.6b                                                                              1.51009/63.52 L.sub.6  1.84666/23.82                                    L.sub.7                                                                               1.67790/55.20 L.sub.7  1.71300/53.85                                                         L.sub.8  1.74400/44.77                                    ______________________________________                                    

    List of features I                                                             Example      Q.sub.a    Q.sub.b                                                ______________________________________                                         22           -0.61306   -1.27546                                               23           -1.06006   -1.90523                                               24           -0.69873   -1.55236                                               25           -0.95070   -2.08990                                               26           -0.61920   -1.51176                                               27           -0.96895   -2.11898                                               ______________________________________                                    

    List of features II                                                                                             According                                     Example  f.sub.Z     G.sub.II    to claim:                                     ______________________________________                                         22       -0.8911 F   -3.4078     24                                            23       -0.9059 F   -8.2321     25                                            24       -0.7583 F   -9.1458     25                                            25       -1.0067 F   -3.0000     24                                            26       -0.7272 F   -9.3009     25                                            27       -1.0070 F   -3.0706     24                                            ______________________________________                                    

The foregoing table headed "List of features I" relates only to Examples 22-27. Similar information for Examples 1-21 is given in the following table, the values of Q_(a) and Q_(b) being calculated from the data originally given with respect to Examples 1-21.

    ______________________________________                                         List of features III                                                                    Q.sub.a      Q.sub.b                                                  ______________________________________                                         Example  1 -1.43486       -2.55303                                             2          -0.85946       -1.82915                                             3          -1.03364       -1.93338                                             4          -1.51344       -2.58972                                             5          -1.48437       -2.81204                                             6          -1.25276       -2.32086                                             7          -1.38494       -2.67130                                             8          -1.54191       -2.46673                                             9          -1.38493       -2.67130                                             10         -1.52796       -2.43122                                             11         -1.48544       -2.19861                                             12         -1.21451       -1.83751                                             13         -1.53811       -2.40226                                             14         -0.99262       -2.12914                                             15         -1.52654       -2.47684                                             16         -1.46973       -2.38381                                             17         -1.51501       -2.46370                                             18         -1.51400       -2.62434                                             19         -1.53662       -2.66480                                             20         -1.26321       -2.22057                                             21         -0.77781       -1.76745                                             ______________________________________                                     

What is claimed is:
 1. A high-speed wide-angle objective comprising at least seven lens components each with air both in front and behind and arranged in three groups, including a rear group of at least three components behind a central vertex space (CS), and a forward member having a first forward group (A) in front of said central vertex space and a second forward group (B) in front of said first forward group,said rear group having a negative component (N) of dispersing action, and a first positive component of collecting action behind said negative component and separated therefrom by an air space (γ) of diverging acton, and a second positive component of collecting action behind said first positive componennt and separated therefroom by an air space, said first and second positive components of said rear group each having a rear surface which is concave toward the front, said first and second forward groups (A and B) of said forward member each comprising the combination of a meniscus shaped component (N, A and N, B) of diverging action which is convex toward the front, the meniscus shaped component in each of said forward groups being respectively followed by a positive component of collecting action behind its respective meniscus shaped component and separated therefrom by an air space, the axial thickness of each of these two air spaces (α and β) being within the limits of 0.22 times and 0.50 times the quivalent focal length (F) of the entire objective, and the sum of the axial thicknesses of both of said air spaces (α and β) being within the limits of 0.56 times and 0.83 times said equivalent focal length (F), there being an air lens (x) of strongly collecting power between the front surface of said first forward group (A) and the rear surface of said second forward group (B), said front surface and rear surface bounding said air lens (x) being so dimensioned that the quotient (Q_(a)) of the sum of the surface powers (φ_(x)) of said air lens divided by the sum of the paraxial surface powers (φ_(N), A + φ_(N), B) of said two meniscus shaped components (N, A and N, B) of said first and second forward groups has a negative value within the limits -0.77781 and -1.54919, said front surface and rear surface bounding said air lens (x) also being so dimensioned that the quotient (Q_(b)) of said sum of the surface powers (φ_(x)) of said air lens divided by the paraxial surface power sum (φ_(I)) of the meniscus shaped negative component (N, B) of said second forward group (B) is within the limits of -1.76745 and -2.81204.
 2. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one air-glass surface of one lens component is of the said rear group is developed as an aspherical surface.
 3. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-  Lens   Radii       Thicknesses                                                                              n.sub.d                                                                              Desig-                                ber                      and             nation                                                         Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.2850                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.0671                                                                        n.sub.1 =1.6230                                                                        N,B                                                R.sub.1 '=+0.8402                                                                          s.sub.12 =0.4104                                                                       (β)                                                                               B                                                  R.sub.2 =-3.5873                                                  II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.4216                                                                        n.sub.2 =1.6970                                            R.sub.2 ' =-2.0361                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.0825                                                                       (x)                                                        R.sub.3 =+0.8705                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.0608                                                                        n.sub.3 =1.7440                                                                        N,A                                                R.sub.3 '=+0.6098                                                                          s.sub.34 =0.3200                                                                       (α)                                                  R.sub.4a =+1.0472                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.4897                                                                       n.sub.4a =1.7440                                                                       A                                                  R.sub.4a ' =-1.7786                                               IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =O                                                      R.sub.4b =- 1.7786                                                      L.sub.4b           d.sub.4b =0.2050                                                                       n.sub.4b =1.6227                                           R.sub.4b ' =-1.2905                                                                        CS=0.18245                                                         R.sub.5 =-1.0304                                                  V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.0417                                                                        n.sub.5 =1.8467                                                                        N                                                  R.sub.5 ' =+1.4005                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.0744                                                                       (γ)                                                  R.sub.6 =-1.7081                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.1713                                                                        n.sub.6 =1.7308                                            R.sub.6 ' =-0.8482                                                                         s.sub.67 =0.00355                                                  R.sub.7 =+4.4726                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.1295                                                                        n.sub.7 =1.7290                                            R.sub.7 ' =-1.384946.                                             ______________________________________                                    


4. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-  Lens   Radii       Thicknesses                                                                              n.sub.d                                                                              Des.                                  ber                      and                                                                            Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.800                                                   I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.060                                                                         n.sub.1 =1.623                                                                         N,B                                                R.sub.1 ' =+0.720                                                                          s.sub.12 =0.380                                                                        (β)                                                                               B                                                  R.sub.2 =±plan                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.600                                                                         n.sub.2 =1.638                                             R.sub.2 ' =-1.800                                                                          s.sub.23 =0.010                                                                        (x)                                                        R.sub.3 =+1.250                                                   III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.100                                                                         n.sub.3 =1.744                                                                         N,A                                                R.sub.3 ' =+0.630                                                                          s.sub.34 =0.300                                                                        (α)                                                  R.sub.4a =+0.910                                                        L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.290                                                                        n.sub.4a =1.744                                                                        A                                                  R.sub.4a ' =-0.910                                                IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =0                                                      R.sub.4b =-0.910                                                        L.sub.4b           d.sub.4b =0.350                                                                        n.sub. 4b =1.638                                           R.sub.4b ' =-1.730                                                                         CS=0.135                                                           R.sub.5 =-0.910                                                   V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.070                                                                         n.sub.5 =1.840                                                                         N                                                  R.sub.5 '=+1.450                                                                           s.sub.56 =0.060                                                                        (γ)                                                  R.sub.6 =-3.350                                                   VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.165                                                                         n.sub.6 =1.710                                             R.sub.6 ' =-0.780                                                                          s.sub.67 =0.002                                                    R.sub.7 =±plan                                                 VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.128                                                                         n.sub.7 =1.758                                             R.sub.7 ' =-1.40126.                                              ______________________________________                                    


5. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-  Lens   Radii       Thicknesses                                                                            n.sub.d Des.                                  ber                      and                                                                            Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.0864                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.1022                                                                        n.sub.1 =1.623                                                                         N,B                                                R.sub.1 ' =+0.7487                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.3410                                                                       (β)                                                                               B                                                  R.sub.2 =-4.3840                                                  II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.2463                                                                        n.sub.2 =1.685                                             R.sub.2 ' =-2.2654                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.0025                                                                       (x)                                                        R.sub.3 =+1.0208                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.0575                                                                        n.sub.3 =1.744                                                                         N,A                                                R.sub.3 ' =+0.6236                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.2450                                                                       (α)                                                  R.sub.4a =+1.0135                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.5112                                                                       n.sub.4a =1.744                                                                        A                                                  R.sub.4a ' =+1.1690                                               IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =O                                                      R.sub.4b =-1.1690                                                       L.sub.4b            d.sub.4b =0.2035                                                                      n.sub.4b =1.596                                            R.sub.4b ' =-1.2761                                                                        CS=0.2186                                                          R.sub.5 =-0.8662                                                  V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.0407                                                                        n.sub.5 =1.847                                                                         N                                                  R.sub.5 ' =+1.7584                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.0739                                                                       (γ)                                                  R.sub.6 =-1.4808                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.1207                                                                        n.sub.6 =1.731                                             R.sub.6 ' =-0.7486                                                                         s.sub.67 =0.0028                                                   R.sub.7 =+5.1500                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.1428                                                                        n.sub.7 =1.729                                             R.sub.7 ' =-1.11751.                                              ______________________________________                                    


6. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-  Lens   Radii       Thicknesses                                                                              n.sub.d                                                                              Des.                                  ber                      and                                                                            Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.8875                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.0558                                                                        n.sub.1 =1.6230                                                                        N,B                                                R.sub.1 ' =+0.7626                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.3876                                                                       (β)                                                                               B                                                  R.sub.2 =-2.4000                                                  II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.4348                                                                        n.sub.2 =1.6450                                            R.sub.2 ' =-1.6645                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.0100                                                                       (x)                                                        R.sub.3 =+0.8518                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.0620                                                                        n.sub.3 =1.7440                                                                        N,A                                                R.sub.3 ' =+0.6100                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.3232                                                                       (α)                                                  R.sub.4a =+0.8942                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.5194                                                                       n.sub.4a =1.7440                                                                       A                                                  R.sub.4a ' =-0.7070                                               IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =0                                                      R.sub.4b =-0.7070                                                       L.sub.4b           d.sub.4b =0.1008                                                                       n.sub.4b =1.6690                                           R.sub.4b ' =-2.3013                                                                        CS=0.1462                                                          R.sub.5 =-0.9297                                                  V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.0421                                                                        n.sub.5 =1.8470                                                                        N                                                  R.sub.5 ' =+1.3678                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.0692                                                                       (γ)                                                  R.sub.6 =-2.8018                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.0967                                                                        n.sub.6 =1.7320                                            R.sub.6 ' =-0.8018                                                                         s.sub.67 =0.0033                                                   R.sub.7 =+148.81                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.1310                                                                        n.sub.7 =1.7420                                            R.sub.7 ' =-1.175333.                                             ______________________________________                                    


7. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the componnents have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-  Lens   Radii       Thicknesses                                                                              n.sub.d                                                                              Des.                                  ber                      and                                                                            Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.8588                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.0566                                                                        n.sub.1 =1.623                                                                         N,B                                                R.sub.1 ' =+0.8055                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.3646                                                                       (β)                                                                               B                                                  R.sub.2 =-2.7587                                                  II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.5530                                                                        n.sub.2 =1.644                                             R.sub.2 ' =-2.0255                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.0034                                                                       (x)                                                        R.sub.3 =+0.8573                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.0601                                                                        n.sub.3 =1.784                                                                         N,A                                                R.sub.3 ' =+0.6001                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.3053                                                                       (α)                                                  R.sub.4a =+0.9508                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.4842                                                                       n.sub.4a =1.744                                                                        A                                                  R.sub.4a ' =-0.7125                                               IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =0                                                      R.sub.4b =-0.7125                                                       L.sub.4b           d.sub.4b =0.0775                                                                       n.sub.4b =1.664                                            R.sub.4b ' =-2.5621                                                                        CS=0.23425                                                         R.sub.5 =-0.9797                                                  V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.0434                                                                        n.sub.5 =1.847                                                                         N                                                  R.sub.5 ' =+1.5456                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.0664                                                                       (γ)                                                  R.sub.6 =-3.0370                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.1024                                                                        n.sub.6 =1.727                                             R.sub.6 ' =-0.7763                                                                         s.sub.67 =0.0057                                                   R.sub.7 =+63.570                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.1201                                                                        n.sub.7 =1.776                                             R.sub.7 ' =-1.326092.                                             ______________________________________                                    


8. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

                             Thicknesses                                           Mem-  Lens     Radii     and      n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                   Des.                                  ber                      Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.00966                                                 I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.062399                                                                       1.62299/                                                                              N,B                                                R.sub.1 '=+0.78299   58.06                                                                 s.sub.12 =0.369912                                                                      (β)                                                                              B                                                  R.sub.2 =-3.39819                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.537113                                                                       1.65844/                                                  R.sub.2 '=-2.00966   50.88                                                                 s.sub.23 =0.002413                                                                      (x)                                                       R.sub.3 =+0.93057                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.101010                                                                       1.74400/                                                                              N,A                                                R.sub.3 '=+0.61306   44.77                                                                 s.sub.34 =0.275107                                                                      (α)                                                 R.sub.4a =+0.91068                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.288552                                                                      1.74400/                                                                              A                                                  R.sub.4a '=-0.84138  44.77                                        IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =0                                                      R.sub.4b =-0.84138                                                      L.sub.4b           d.sub.4b =0.347848                                                                      1.63854/                                                  R.sub.4b '= -1.80405 55.38                                                                 CS=0.132037                                                        R.sub.5 =-0.92388                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.065846                                                                       1.84666/                                                                              N                                                  R.sub.5 '=+1.44334   23.82                                                                 s.sub.56 =0.061365                                                                      (γ)                                                 R.sub.6 =-3.37381                                                 VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.163409                                                                       1.71300/                                                  R.sub.6 '=-0.78864   53.85                                                                 s.sub.67 =0.003103                                                 R.sub.7 =+153.991                                                 VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.131348                                                                       1.75719/                                                  R.sub.7 '=-1.392357  47.83.                                       ______________________________________                                    


9. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

                            Thicknesses                                            Mem-  Lens     Radii    and      n.sub.d Des.                                  ber                     Spacings                                               ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.8408                                                  I     L.sub.1           d.sub.1 =0.05593                                                                        n.sub.1 =1.6230                                                                        N,B                                                R.sub.1 '=+0.8063                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.35616                                                                       (β)                                                   R.sub.2a =-2.9958                                                       L.sub.2a          d.sub.2a =0.12068                                                                       n.sub.2a =1.6441                                           R.sub.2a '=±plan                                               II∠               s.sub.2a,b =0.16223                                                                             B                                                  R.sub.2b =±plan                                                      L.sub.2b          d.sub.2b =0.15518                                                                       n.sub.2b =1.6441                                           R.sub.2b '=-2.1862                                                                        s.sub.23 =0.00172                                                                       (x)                                                        R.sub.3 =+0.9065                                                  III   L.sub.3           d.sub.3 =0.06166                                                                        n.sub.3 =1.7845                                                                        N,A                                                R.sub.3 '=+0.6183                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.30560                                                                       (α)                                                  R.sub.4a =+0.9810                                                       L.sub.4a          d.sub.4a =0.48840                                                                       n.sub.4a =1.7440                                           R.sub.4a '=-0.8015                                                IV∠               s.sub.4a,b =0    A                                                  R.sub.4b =-0.8015                                                       L.sub.4b          d.sub.4b =0.8630                                                                        n.sub.4b =1.6622                                           R.sub.4b '=-2.2830                                                                        CS=0.26028                                                          R.sub.5 =-0.9843                                                  V     L.sub.5           d.sub.5 =0.04270                                                                        n.sub.5 =1.8466                                                                        N                                                  R.sub.5 '=+1.6384                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.06852                                                                       (γ)                                                  R.sub.6 =-2.1270                                                  VI    L.sub.6           d.sub.6 =0.09600                                                                        n.sub.6 =1.7223                                            R.sub.6 '=-0.7800                                                                         s.sub.67 =0.00355                                                   R.sub.7 =+9.5810                                                  VII   L.sub.7           d.sub.7 =0.12045                                                                        n.sub.7 =1.7720                                      R.sub.7 '=-1.26038.                                                     ______________________________________                                    


10. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

                             Thicknesses                                           Mem-  Lens     Radii     and      n.sub.d ν.sub.d                                                                    Des.                                  ber                      Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.27339                                                 I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.063321                                                                       1.62299/                                                                              N,B                                                R.sub.1 '=+0.79256   58.06                                                                 s.sub.12 =0.401806                                                                      (β)                                                                              B                                                  R.sub.2 =-2.85344                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.536455                                                                       1.63854/                                                  R.sub.2 '=-1.68505   55.38                                                                 s.sub.23 =0.003623                                                                      (x)                                                       R.sub.3 =+0.84159                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.064771                                                                       1.74400/                                                                              N,A                                                R.sub.3 '=+0.62461   44.77                                                                 s.sub.34 =0.310465                                                                      (α)                                                 R.sub.4a =+0.92793                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.315917                                                                      1.74400/                                                  R.sub.4a '=-0.69260  44.77                                                                 s.sub.4a,b =0   A                                                  R.sub.4b =-0.69260                                                IV------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b =0.112460                                                                        1.67003/                                                        R.sub.4b '=+1.85739  47.12                                                                 s.sub.4b,c =0.113875                                               R.sub.4c =+2.96048                                                      L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.180268                                                                      1.70181/                                                  R.sub.4c '=-1.86261  41.02                                                                 CS=0.125539                                                        R.sub.5 =-0.83832                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.067324                                                                       1.84666/                                                                              N                                                  R.sub.5 '=+1.79315   23.82                                                                 s.sub.56 =0.060112                                                                      (γ)                                                 R.sub.6 =-3.02071                                                 VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.106456                                                                       1.71300/                                                  R.sub.6 '=-0.84727   53.85                                                                 s.sub.67 =0.026605                                                 R.sub.7 =-45.4622                                                 VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.130335                                                                       1.78831/                                                  R.sub.7 '=-1.163478  47.37.                                       ______________________________________                                    


11. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

                            Thicknesses                                            Mem-  Lens     Radii    and      n.sub.d Des.                                  ber                     Spacings                                               ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.8408                                                  I     L.sub.1           d.sub.1 =0.05593                                                                        n.sub.1 =1.6230                                                                        N,B                                                R.sub.1 '=+0.8063                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.35616                                                                       (β)                                                                               B                                                  R.sub.2 =-2.9938                                                  II    L.sub.2           d.sub.2 =0.54240                                                                        n.sub.2 =1.6441                                            R.sub.2 '=-2.1857                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.00185                                                                       (x)                                                        R.sub.3 =+0.9065                                                  III   L.sub.3           d.sub.3 =0.06165                                                                        n.sub.3 =1.7845                                                                        N,A                                                R.sub.3 '=+0.6183                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.30565                                                                       (α)                                                  R.sub.4a =+0.9810                                                       L.sub.4a          d.sub.4a =0.15517                                                                       n.sub.4a =1.7440                                           R.sub.4a '=±plan                                                                       s.sub.4a,b =0.10200                                                                             A                                                  R.sub.4b =±plan                                                IV------L.sub.4b                                                                               d.sub.4b =0.15517                                                                         n.sub.4b =1.7440                                                 R.sub.4b '=-0.8015                                                                        s.sub.4b,c =O                                                       R.sub.4c =-0.8015                                                       L.sub.4c          d.sub.4c =0.08630                                                                       n.sub.4c =1.6622                                           R.sub.4c '=-2.2834                                                                        CS=0.26028                                                          R.sub.5 =-0.9843                                                  V     L.sub.5           d.sub.5 =0.04270                                                                        n.sub.5 =1.8466                                                                        N                                                  R.sub.5 '=+1.6383                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.06851                                                                       (γ)                                                  R.sub.6 =-2.1270                                                  VI    L.sub.6           d.sub.6 =0.09600                                                                        n.sub.6 =1.7223                                            R.sub.6 '=-0.7800                                                                         s.sub.67 =0.00355                                                   R.sub.7 =+9.5810                                                  VII   L.sub.7           d.sub.7 =0.12044                                                                        n.sub.7 =1.7720                                      R.sub.7 '=-1.26031.                                                     ______________________________________                                    


12. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensons being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-                    Thicknesses                                            ber   Lens   Radii      and      n.sub.d Des.                                                          Spacings                                               ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1a =+1.8000                                                       L.sub.1a          d.sub.1a =0.06825                                                                       n.sub.1a =1.713                                            R.sub.1a '=+1.4700                                                I∠                s.sub.1a,b =0.05200                                                                             N,B                                                R.sub.1b =+1.8000                                                       L.sub.1b          d.sub.1b =0.06480                                                                       n.sub.1b =1.620                                                                        B                                                  R.sub.1b '=+0.8000                                                                        s.sub.12 =0.40200                                                                       (β)                                                   R.sub.2 =-2.7735                                                  II    L.sub.2           d.sub.2 =0.56460                                                                        n.sub.2 =1.639                                             R.sub.2 '=-1.6863                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.00360                                                                       (x)                                                        R.sub.3 =+0.8416                                                  III   L.sub.3           d.sub.3 =0.06477                                                                        n.sub.3 =1.744                                                                         N,A                                                R.sub.3 '=+0.6246                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.31046                                                                       (α)                                                  R.sub.4a =+0.9279                                                 L.sub.4a            d.sub.4a = 0.31654                                                                        n.sub.4a =1.744                                          R.sub.4a '=-0.6246                                                                        s.sub.4a,b =0      A                                                R.sub.4b =-0.6246                                                     IV------L.sub.4b    d.sub.4b =0.11200                                                                         n.sub.4b =1.670                                          R.sub.4b '=+1.8000                                                                        s.sub.4b,c =0.10950                                                 R.sub.4c =+3.1404                                                     L.sub.4c            d.sub.4c =0.18550                                                                         n.sub.4c =1.702                                          R.sub.4c '=-1.8000                                                                        CS=0.12550                                                          R.sub.5 =-0.8416                                                      V     L.sub.5           d.sub.5 =0.06488                                                                        n.sub.5 =1.848                                                                         N                                                  R.sub.5 '=+1.8000                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.06200                                                                       (γ)                                                  R.sub.6 =-2.7735                                                  VI    L.sub.6           d.sub.6 =0.10650                                                                        n.sub.6 =1.713                                             R.sub.6 '=-0.8473                                                                         s.sub.67 =0.02660                                                   R.sub.7 =±plan                                                 VII   L.sub.7           d.sub.7 =0.16136                                                                        n.sub.7 =1.788                                             R.sub.7 '=±plan.                                               ______________________________________                                    


13. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and       n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                   Des.                                                          Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1a =+6.06896                                                      L.sub.1a           d.sub.1a =0.274276                                                                       1.62299/                                                 R.sub.1a '=+26.81329  58.06                                       I∠                 s.sub.1a,b =0.116872                                                                            N,B                                               R.sub.1b =+4.11457                                                      L.sub.1b           d.sub.1b =0.103334                                                                       1.62299/                                                                              B                                                 R.sub.1b '=+0.75189   58.06                                                                s.sub.12 =0.406824                                                                       (β)                                                 R.sub.2 =-2.67095                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.527744                                                                        1.63854/                                                 R.sub.2 '=-1.66321    55.38                                                                s.sub.3 =0.001945                                                                        (x)                                                      R.sub.3 =+0.79976                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.109386                                                                        1.74400/                                                                              N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.61121    44.77                                                                s.sub.34 =0.345903                                                                       (α)                                                R.sub.4a =+0.99589                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.326579                                                                       1.74400/                                                 R.sub. 4a '=-1.35427  44.77                                                                s.sub.4a,b =0    A                                                 R.sub.4b =-1.35427                                                IV------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b =0.100093                                                                         1.67003/                                                       R.sub.4b '=+9.44666   47.12                                                                s.sub.4b,c =0.076459                                               R.sub.4c =-4.68440                                                      L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.165648                                                                       1.70181/                                                 R.sub.4c '=-1.24868   41.02                                                                CS=0.134524                                                        R.sub.5 =-1.08993                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.047369                                                                        1.84666/                                                                              N                                                 R.sub.5 '=+1.41522    23.82                                                                s.sub.56 =0.071779                                                                       (γ)                                                R.sub.6 =-13.44784                                                VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.107141                                                                        1.71300/                                                 R.sub.6 '=-0.92784    53.85                                                                s.sub.67 =0.006631                                                 R.sub.7 =+3.60922                                                 VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.143634                                                                        1.78831/                                                 R.sub.7 '=-2.87824    47.37.                                      ______________________________________                                    


14. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and       n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                   Des.                                                          Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.66056                                                 I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.055207                                                                        1.63854/                                                                              N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.74984    55.38                                                                s.sub.12 =0.383671                                                                       (β)                                                                              B                                                 R.sub.2 =-2.25474                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.412143                                                                        1.66446/                                                 R.sub.2 '=-1.59625    35.84                                                                s.sub.23 =0.001736                                                                       (x)                                                      R.sub.3 =+1.05161                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.079859                                                                        1.74400/                                                                              N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.72856    44.77                                                                s.sub.34 =0.246869                                                                       (α)                                                R.sub.4a =+1.10591                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.312492                                                                       1.74400/                                                 R.sub.4a =-0.75526    44.77                                                                s.sub.4a,b =0    A                                                 R.sub.4b =-0.75526                                                IV------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b =0.238189                                                                         1.60562/                                                       R.sub.4b '=+5.66375   43.92                                                                s.sub.4b,c =0.173607                                               R.sub.4c =+4.69746                                                      L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.207287                                                                       1.72000/                                                 R.sub.4c '=;126 -1.46420                                                                             50.42                                                                CS=0.061110                                                        R.sub.5 =-0.89762                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.269785                                                                        1.80518/                                                                              N                                                 R.sub.5 '=+1.67871    25.43                                                                s.sub.56 =0.071526                                                                       (γ)                                                R.sub.6 =-4.37108                                                 VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.099998                                                                        1.71300/                                                 R.sub.6 '=-1.08230    55.85                                                                s.sub.67 =0.003472                                                 R.sub.7 =-25.29870                                                VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.105206                                                                        1.78831                                                  R.sub.7 '=-1.25886    47.37.                                      ______________________________________                                    


15. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and       n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                   Des.                                                          Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.26535                                                 I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.055520                                                                        1.61765/                                                                              N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.76789    15.15                                                                s.sub.12 =0.379649                                                                       (β)                                                                              B                                                 R.sub.2 =-2.33423                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.408954                                                                        1.66446/                                                 R.sub.2 '=-1.59449    35.84                                                                s.sub.23 =0.011632                                                                       (x)                                                      R.sub.3 =+0.86457                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.074340                                                                        1.74400/                                                                              N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.64179    44.77                                                                s.sub.34 =0.310552                                                                       (α)                                                R.sub.4a =+1.06323                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.312497                                                                       1.74400/                                                 R.sub.4a '=-0.696212  44.77                                                                s.sub.4a,b =0    A                                                 R.sub.4b =-0.69612                                                IV------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b =0.178818                                                                          1.63930/                                                      R.sub.4b '=+1.00083   45.18                                                                s.sub.4b,c =0.170137                                               R.sub.4c =+6.25996                                                      L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.150346                                                                       1.72000/                                                 R.sub.4c =-1.33957    50.42                                                                CS=0.086596                                                        R.sub.5 =-0.84073                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.193366                                                                        1.80518/                                                                              N                                                 R.sub.5 '=+1.86314    25.43                                                                s.sub.56 =0.073888                                                                       (γ)                                                R.sub.6 =-4.21844                                                 VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.107048                                                                        1.71300/                                                 R.sub.6 '=-1.01593    53.85                                                                s.sub.67 =0.001840                                                 R.sub.7 =+44.35558                                                VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.128783                                                                        1.78831/                                                 R.sub.7 '=-1.30095    47.37.                                      ______________________________________                                    


16. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the component have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and      n.sub.d Des.                                                          Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.9880                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.05362                                                                        n.sub.1 =1.6230                                                                        N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.7849                                                                          s.sub.12 =0.30053                                                                       (β)                                                                               B                                                 R.sub.2 =-10.757                                                  II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.27752                                                                        n.sub.2 =1.7031                                           R.sub.2 '=-3.0655                                                                          s.sub.23 =0.00262                                                                       (x)                                                       R.sub.3 =+0.9888                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.05680                                                                        n.sub.3 =1.7844                                                                        N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.5840                                                                          s.sub.34 =0.26857                                                                       (α)                                                 R.sub.4a =+1.0145                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.49112                                                                       n.sub.4a =1.7440                                          R.sub.4a '=-1.6585                                                IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =0    A                                                 R.sub.4b =-1.6585                                                       L.sub.4b           d.sub.4b =0.17648                                                                       n.sub. 4b =1.6401                                         R.sub.4b '=-1.1749                                                                         CS=0.07075                                                         R.sub.5 =+1.5440                                                  V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.07290                                                                        n.sub.5 =1.7013                                           R.sub.5 '=+1.2392                                                                          s.sub.56 =0.11513                                                  R.sub.6 =-0.7751                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.04137                                                                        n.sub.6 =1.8466                                                                        N                                                 R.sub.6 '=+2.2732                                                                          s.sub.67 =0.063983                                                                      (γ)                                                 R.sub.7 =-1.8810                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.12565                                                                        n.sub.7 =1.7290                                           R.sub.7 '=-0.6893                                                                          s.sub.78 =0.00218                                                  R.sub.8 =+4.9915                                                  VIII  L.sub.8            d.sub.8 =0.15193                                                                        n.sub.8 =1.7347                                           R.sub.8 '=-1.317666.                                              ______________________________________                                    


17. An objective as defined in claim 2, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimonsions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity wherein the radius of curvature R₆ is the zenith radius of an aspheric lens surface at the point of intersection with the optical axis;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and      n.sub.d Des.                                                          Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.5000                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.0850                                                                         n.sub.1 =1.7170                                                                        N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.9100                                                                          s.sub.12 =0.4750                                                                        (β)                                                  R.sub.2a =-3.2000                                                       L.sub.2a           d.sub.2a =0.1713                                                                        n.sub.2a =1.7130                                                                       B                                                 R.sub.2a '=-2.5000                                                II∠                s.sub.2a,b =0.2000                                                 R.sub.2b =-2.5000                                                       L.sub.2b           d.sub.2b =0.1409                                                                        n.sub.2b =1.7880                                          R.sub.2b '=-2.1000                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.1890                                                                        (x)                                                       R.sub.3 =+0.9100                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.0708                                                                         n.sub.3 =1.7880                                                                        N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.6690                                                                          s.sub.34 =0.3255                                                                        (α)                                                 R.sub.4a =+1.0670                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.3050                                                                        n.sub.4a =1.7440                                          R.sub.4a '=-0.9100                                                                         s.sub.4a,b =0    A                                                 R.sub.4b =-0.9100                                                 IV------ L.sub.4b                                                                               d.sub.4b =0.0790                                                                          n.sub.4b =1.5800                                                R.sub.4b '=+15.000                                                                         s.sub.4b,c =0.0754                                                 R.sub.4c =-6.8850                                                       L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.1080                                                                        n.sub.4c =1.5700                                          R.sub.4c '=-1.9550                                                                         CS=0.1706                                                          R.sub.5a =-0.9920                                                       L.sub.5a           d.sub.5a =0.2230                                                                        n.sub.5a =1.7330                                          R.sub.5a '=-1.0670                                                V∠                 s.sub.5a,b =0    N                                                 R.sub.5b =-1.0670                                                       L.sub.5b           d.sub.5b =0.0600                                                                        n.sub.5b =1.8230                                          R.sub.5b '=+2.0880                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.0500                                                                        (γ)                                                 R.sub.6 =+26.909                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.1100                                                                         n.sub.6 =1.7880                                           R.sub.6 '=-1.2070                                                                          s.sub.67 =0.0015                                                   R.sub.7 =-3.0040                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.1010                                                                         n.sub.7 =1.7880                                           R.sub.7 '= -1.06197.                                              ______________________________________                                    


18. An objective as defined in claim 1, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimonsions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity wherein the radius of curvature R₆ is the zenith radius of an aspheric lens surface at the point of intersection with the optical axis;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and      n.sub.d Des.                                                          Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.5000                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.0850                                                                         n.sub.1 =1.7170                                                                        N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.9100                                                                          s.sub.12 =0.4750                                                                        (β)                                                  R.sub.2a =-3.5000                                                       L.sub.2a           d.sub.2a =0.0600                                                                        n.sub.2a =1.6210                                                                       B                                                 R.sub.2a '=+159.00                                                II∠                s.sub.2a,b =0.2100                                                 R.sub.2b =-26.909                                                       L.sub.2b           d.sub.2b =0.1200                                                                        n.sub.2b =1.7880                                          R.sub.2b '=-2.4000                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.1636                                                                        (x)                                                       R.sub.3 =+0.9097                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.0708                                                                         n.sub.3 =1.7880                                                                        N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.6690                                                                          s.sub.34 =0.32548                                                                       (α)                                                 R.sub.4a =+1.0670                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.3050                                                                        n.sub.4a =1.7440                                          R.sub.4a '=-0.9097                                                                         s.sub.4a,b =0    A                                                 R.sub.4b =-0.9097                                                 IV------ L.sub.4b                                                                               d.sub.4b =0.0790                                                                          n.sub.4b =1.5800                                                R.sub.4b '=+15.900                                                                         s.sub.4b,c =0.0754                                                 R.sub.4c =-6.8850                                                       L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.1080                                                                        n.sub.4c =1.5700                                          R.sub.4c '=-1.9550                                                                         CS=0.1706                                                          R.sub.5a =-0.9920                                                       L.sub.5a           d.sub.5a =0.2230                                                                        n.sub.5a =1.7330                                          R.sub.5a '=-1.0670                                                V∠                 s.sub.5a,b =0    N                                                 R.sub.5b =-1.0670                                                       L.sub.5b           d.sub.5b =0.0600                                                                        n.sub.5b =1.8230                                          R.sub.5b '=+2.0880                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.0500                                                                        (γ)                                                 R.sub.6 =+26.909                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.1100                                                                         n.sub.6 =1.7880                                           R.sub.6 '=-1.2070                                                                          s.sub.67 =0.0010                                                   R.sub.7 =-3.0040                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.09591                                                                        n.sub.7 =1.7880                                           R.sub.7 '=-1.06212.                                               ______________________________________                                    


19. An objective as defined in claim 2, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimonsions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity wherein the radius of curvature R₆ is the zenith radius of an aspheric lens surface at the point of intersection with the optical axis;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and      n.sub.d Des.                                                          Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.5188                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.08471                                                                        n.sub.1 =1.713                                                                         N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.9116                                                                          s.sub.12 =0.47714                                                                       (β)                                                                               B                                                 R.sub.2 =-3.1396                                                  II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.49928                                                                        n.sub.2 =1.717                                            R.sub.2 '=-2.1185                                                                          s.sub.23 =0.17260                                                                       (x)                                                       R.sub.3 =+0.8843                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.07010                                                                        n.sub.3 =1.788                                                                         N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.6547                                                                          s.sub.34 =0.32675                                                                       (α)                                                 R.sub.4a =+1.0664                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.31445                                                                       n.sub.4a =1.744                                           R.sub.4a '=-0.8614                                                                         s.sub.4a,b =0    A                                                 R.sub.4b =-0.8614                                                 IV------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b =0.06994                                                                         n.sub.4b =1.580                                                 R.sub.4b '=+12.362                                                                         s.sub.4b,c =0.07663                                                                     (α')                                                R.sub.4c =-6.8940                                                       L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.10818                                                                       n.sub.4c =1.570                                           R.sub.4c '=-1.9554                                                                         CS=0.17054                                                         R.sub.5a =-0.9923                                                       L.sub.5a           d.sub.5a =0.22051                                                                       n.sub.5a =1.733                                           R.sub.5a '=-1.0094                                                V∠                 s.sub.5a,b =0    N                                                 R.sub.5b =-1.0094                                                       L.sub.5b           d.sub.5b =0.05405                                                                       n.sub.5b =1.823                                           R.sub.5b '=+2.1121                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.05038                                                                       (γ)                                                 R.sub.6 =+26.881                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.10941                                                                        n.sub.6 =1.788                                            R.sub.6 '=-1.2075                                                                          s.sub.67 =0.00191                                                  R.sub.7 =-3.0060                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.10319                                                                        n.sub.7 =1.788                                            R.sub.7 '=-1.061803.                                              ______________________________________                                    


20. An objective as defined in claim 2, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimonsions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity wherein the radius of curvature R₆ is the zenith radius of an aspheric lens surface at the point of intersection with the optical axis;

    Mem-  Lens   Radii       Thicknesses                                                                               n.sub.d                                                                             Des.                                  ber                      and                                                                            Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.3064                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.07701                                                                        n.sub.1 =1.713                                                                        N,B                                                R.sub.1 ' =+0.9426                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.49715                                                                       (β)                                                                              B                                                  R.sub.2 =-3.4587                                                  II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.78358                                                                        n.sub.2 =1.713                                            R.sub.2 ' =-2.2496                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.21166                                                                       (x)                                                       R.sub.3 =+0.9193                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.08810                                                                        n.sub.3 =1.788                                                                        N,A                                                R.sub.3 ' =+0.6650                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.32940                                                                       (α)                                                 R.sub.4a =+1.2190                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.31840                                                                       n.sub.4a =1.744                                                                       A                                                  R.sub.4a ' =-0.8460                                               IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =0                                                      R.sub.4b =-0.8460                                                       L.sub.4b           40 d.sub.4b =0.48710                                                                    n.sub.4b =1.534                                           R.sub.4b ' =+7.7566                                                                        CS=0.18320                                                         R.sub.5a =-1.2750                                                       L.sub.5a           d.sub.5a =0.10800                                                                       n.sub.5a =1.945                                           R.sub.5a ' =+3.2550                                               V∠                 s.sub.5a,b =O   N                                                  R.sub.5b =+3.2550                                                       L.sub.5b           d.sub.5b =0.16275                                                                       n.sub.5b =1.714                                           R.sub.5b '=+2.8504                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.03215                                                                       (γ)                                                 R.sub.6 =+9.5750                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.12210                                                                        d.sub.6 =1.788                                            R.sub.6 ' =-1.3950                                                                         s.sub.67 =0.00215                                                                       (δ)                                                 R.sub.7 =-11.579                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.13515                                                                        d.sub.7 =1.788                                            R.sub.7 ' =-1.241121.                                             ______________________________________                                    


21. An objective as defined in claim 2, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimonsions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity wherein the radius of curvature R₆ is the zenith radius of an aspheric lens surface at the point of intersection with the optical axis;

    Mem-  Lens   Radii       Thicknesses                                                                            n.sub.d Des.                                  ber                      and                                                                            Shapings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+2.0000                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.07105                                                                       n.sub.1 =1.7130                                                                        N,B                                                R.sub.1 ' =+0.8710                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.46680                                                                      (β)                                                                               B                                                  R.sub.2 =-3.4960                                                  II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.56105                                                                       n.sub.2 =1.7360                                            R.sub.2 ' =+2.2585                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.10480                                                                      (x)                                                        R.sub.3 =+0.8707                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.06380                                                                       n.sub.3 =1.7883                                                                        N,A                                                R.sub.3 ' =+0.6334                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.32350                                                                      (α)                                                  R.sub.4a =+1.1119                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.29585                                                                      n.sub.4a =1.7440                                                                       A                                                  R.sub.4a ' =-0.8265                                               IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =0                                                      R.sub.4b =-0.8265                                                       L.sub.4b           d.sub. 4b =0.39045                                                                     n.sub.4b =1.5403                                           R.sub.4b ' =+16.158                                                                        CS=0.14620                                                         R.sub.5 =-1.1119                                                  V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.24130                                                                       n.sub.5 =1.9050                                                                        N                                                  R.sub.5 ' =+2.4908                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.03400                                                                      (γ)                                                  R.sub.6 =+25.097                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.10320                                                                       n.sub.6 =1.7883                                            R.sub.6 '=-1.1825                                                                          s.sub.67 =0.00200                                                  R.sub.7 =-7.0710                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.11455                                                                       n.sub.7 =1.7883                                            R.sub.7 ' =-1.1209.                                               ______________________________________                                    


22. An objective as defined in claim 2, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimonsions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity wherein the radius of curvature R₆ is the zenith radius of an aspheric lens surface at the point of intersection with the optical axis;

    Mem-  Lens   Radii       Thicknesses                                                                              n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                   Des.                                 ber                       and                                                                           Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+3.69309                                                 I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.085974                                                                        1.71300/                                                                              N,B                                               R.sub.1 ' =+0.99881   53.85                                                                s.sub.12 =0.450561                                                                       (β)                                                                              B                                                 R.sub.2 =-5.49747                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.396119                                                                        1.69895/                                                 R.sub.2 ' =-2.24026   30.06                                                                s.sub.23 =0.141720                                                                       (x)                                                      R.sub.3 =+0.93354                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.067124                                                                        1.78831/                                                                              N,A                                               R.sub.4 ' =+0.63618   47.37                                                                s.sub.34 =0.320987                                                                       (α)                                                R.sub.4a =+1.06005                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.318496                                                                       1.74400/                                                 R.sub.4a ' =-0.79246  44.77                                                                s.sub.4a,b =0    A                                                 R.sub.4b =-0.79246                                                IV------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b =0.245433                                                                         1.60342/                                                       R.sub.4b ' =+1.77603  38.02                                                                s.sub.4b,c =0.070917                                               R.sub.4c =-6.91419                                                      L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.137889                                                                       1.71700/                                                 R.sub.4c ' =-1.53242  47.99                                                                CS=0.310259                                                        R.sub.5 =-0.65771                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.049539                                                                        1.80518/                                                                              N                                                 R.sub.5 ' =+97.41345  25.43                                                                s.sub.56 =0.034750                                                                       (γ)                                                R.sub.6 =-3.57110                                                 VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.116893                                                                        1.63854/                                                 R.sub.6 ' =-0.78609   55.38                                                                s.sub.67 =0.008084                                                 R.sub.7 =-4.64307                                                 VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.153137                                                                        1.78831/                                                 R.sub.7 ' =-0.90940   47.37.                                      ______________________________________                                    


23. An objective as defined in claim 2, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimonsions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity wherein the radius of curvature R₆ is the zenith radius of an aspheric lens surface at the point of intersection with the optical axis;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and       n.sub.d /ν.sub.d                                                                   Des.                                                          Spacings                                              ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+4.89012                                                 I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.085099                                                                        1.71300/                                                                              N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+1.09793    53.85                                                                s.sub.12 =0.354786                                                                       (β)                                                                              B                                                 R.sub.2 =+15.69091                                                II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.425843                                                                        1.69895/                                                 R.sub.2 ' =-3.02092   30.06                                                                s.sub.23 =0.002124                                                                       (x)                                                      R.sub.3 =+1.19673                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.160708                                                                        1.78831/                                                                              N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.60664    47.37                                                                s.sub.34 =0.299594                                                                       (α)                                                R.sub.4a =+1.07641                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.324029                                                                       1.74400/                                                 R.sub.4a '=-0.74046   44.77                                                                s.sub.4a,b =0    A                                                 R.sub.4b =-0.74046                                                IV------L.sub.4b d.sub.4b =0.346817                                                                         1.60342/                                                       R.sub.4b '=+2.68377   38.02                                                                s.sub.4b,c =0.068552                                               R.sub.4c =-2.23088                                                      L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.094884                                                                       1.71700/                                                 R.sub.4c '=-1.03112   47.99                                                                CS=0.251910                                                        R.sub.5 =-0.59687                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.036333                                                                        1.80518/                                                                              N                                                 R.sub.5 '=-12.68244   25.43                                                                s.sub.56 =0.032165                                                                       (γ)                                                R.sub.6 =-2.68675                                                 VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.119173                                                                        1.63854/                                                 R.sub.6 '=-0.73659    55.38                                                                s.sub.67 =0.002336                                                 R.sub.7 =-4.98373                                                 VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.165864                                                                        1.78831/                                                 R.sub.7 '=-0.85877    47.37.                                      ______________________________________                                    


24. A high speed wide angle objective comprising at least seven lens components each with air both in front and behind and arranged in three groups, including a rear group of at least three components behind a central vertex space (CS), and a forward member having a first forward group (A) in front of said central vertex space and a second forward group (B) in front of said first forward group,said rear group having a negative component (N) of dispersing action, and a first positive component behind said negative component and separated therefrom by an air space of diverging action, and a second positive component behind said first positive component and separated therefrom by an air space, said first and second positive components both having unequal sides and said first positive component being a meniscus having both surfaces convex toward the rear, said first and second forward groups (A and B) of said forward member each enclosing at least one air space and each comprising a negative meniscus component (N, A and N, B) convex toward the front, followed by a positive component behind the respective meniscus component, there being an air lens (x) between the front surface of said first forward group (A) and the rear surface of said second forward group (B), the bounding surfaces of said air lens being specifically shaped so that the quotient (Q_(a)) of the sum of the surface powers (φ_(x)) of said air lens divided by the sum of the paraxoial surface powers (φ_(N), A + φ_(N), B) of said two meniscus components of said first and second forward groups has a negative value within the limits -0.61306 and -1.06006, said bounding surfaces also being so shaped that the quotient (Q_(b)) of said surface powers (φ_(x)) of the air lens divided by the paraxial surface power sum (φ_(I)) of the negative meniscus component (N, B = I) of said second forward group (B) is within the limits of 1.27546 and -2.11898, the positive component (II) behind the negative meniscus component (I) of said second forward group B being a meniscus component concave toward the front to provide between said negative component (I) and said positive component (II) an air lens (β) which is biconvex and which has unequal sides, the first three, counting from the front, components (I and II and III) of the objective being so formed that is combination they together (Z) have an equivalent focal length (f_(Z)) of negative sign and having a negative value within the limits of 0.69084 times and 1.5735 times the equivalent focal length (F) of the entire objective.
 25. An objective as defined in claim 24, wherein said second component (II) of said three component combination (Z) is developed as a strongly incurvated meniscus having a Gardner incurvation number (σ_(II)) within the limits of -3.0000 and -9.3009, the negative sign thereof indicating that the rear outer surface thereof is provided with a stronger curvature than the front outer surface.
 26. An objective as defined in claim 24, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;Mem- Thicknessesber Lens Radii and Glass Des. Spacings n_(d)______________________________________ R₁ =+1.65457I L₁ d₁ =0.062195 1.63408 N,B R₁ '=+0.67164 s₁₂ =0.403965 (β) B R₂ =-3.40474II L₂ d₂ =0.303440 1.66735 R₂ '=-1.85987 s₂₃ =0.055437 (x) R₃ =+1.33577III L₃ d₃ =0.039787 1.47624 N,A R₅ '=+0.49478 s₃₄ =0.227711 (α) R_(4a) =+0.85798 L_(4a) d_(4a) =0.079477 1.74265 A R_(4a) '=+3.44524IV∠ s_(4a),b =0.147730 R_(4b) =+1.65951 L_(4b) d_(4b) =0.240255 1.67291 R_(4b) '=-1.00365 CS=s₄₅ =0.106584 R₅ =-0.81464V L₅ d₅ =0.087768 1.46415 N R₅ '=+1.17984 s₅₆ =0.53185 (γ) R_(6a) =-1.89577 L_(6a) d_(6a) =0.036428 1.80292 R_(6a) '=+0.81520VI s_(6a),b =0 R_(6b) =+0.81520 L_(6b) d_(6b) =0.130001 1.47489 R_(6b) '=-0.67026 s₆₇ =0.002175 R₇ =-16.32765VII L₇ d₇ =0.074370 1.74334 R₇ '=-1.19479.______________________________________
 27. An objective as defined in claim 25, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and       Glass  Des.                                                          Spacings  n.sub.d                                     ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.91258                                                 I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.061001                                                                        1.66787                                                                               N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.67632                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.325923                                                                       (β)                                                                              B                                                 R.sub.2 =-1.72515                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.354358                                                                        1.57810                                                  R.sub.2 '=-1.35142                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.176911                                                                       (x)                                                      R.sub.3 =+0.96714                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.088581                                                                        1.74400                                                                               N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.59037                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.237079                                                                       (α)                                                R.sub.4a =+0.87800                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.109338                                                                       1.74367                                                                               A -  R.sub.4a '=+3.11418             IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =0.131277                                               R.sub.4b =+1.09391                                                      L.sub.4b           d.sub.4b =0.126153                                                                       1.68135                                                  R.sub.4b '=-1.36081                                                              CS=s.sub.45 =0.093002                                                        R.sub.5 =-0.93251                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.157181                                                                        1.48842                                                                               N                                                 R.sub.5 '=+0.86196                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.055386                                                                       (γ)                                                R.sub.6a =-5.54140                                                      L.sub.6a           d.sub.6a =0.036662                                                                       1.80031                                                  R.sub.6a '=+0.66140                                               VI∠                s.sub.6a,b =0                                                      R.sub.6b =+0.66140                                                      L.sub.6b           d.sub.6b =0.133165                                                                       1.51009                                                  R.sub.6b '=-0.73466                                                                        s.sub.67 =0.002002                                                 R.sub.7 =-11.12371                                                VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.066729                                                                        1.71470                                                  R.sub.7 '=-1.57510.                                               ______________________________________                                    


28. An objective aas defined in claim 25, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and       Glass  Des.                                                          Spacings  n.sub.d                                     ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.62159                                                 I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.063046                                                                        1.60680                                                                               N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.64757                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.362879                                                                       (β)                                                                              B                                                 R.sub.2 =-1.64088                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.236511                                                                        1.58011                                                  R.sub.2 '=-1.31742                                                                         s.sub.23 0.118200                                                                        (x)                                                      R.sub.3 =+1.71672                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.065687                                                                        1.74400                                                                               N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.66370                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.252496                                                                       (α)                                                R.sub.4a =-1.02061                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.114153                                                                       1.74065                                                                               A                                                 R.sub.4a '=+7.24185                                               IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =0.086283                                               R.sub.4b =+1.01327                                                      L.sub.4b           d4b =0.323684                                                                            1.67899                                                  R.sub. 4b '=-1.31283                                                             CS=s.sub.45 =0.095864                                                        R.sub.5 =-0.82499                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.099192                                                                        1.49124                                                                               N                                                 R.sub.5 '=+0.92996                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.050803                                                                       (γ)                                                R.sub.6a =-7.45722                                                      L.sub.6a           d.sub.6a =0.037581                                                                       1.80512                                                  R.sub.6a '=+0.67390                                               VI∠                s.sub.6a,b =0                                                      R.sub.6b =+0.67390                                                      L.sub.6b           d.sub.6b =0.134041                                                                       1.51009                                                  R.sub.6b '=-0.72708                                                                        s.sub.67 =0.002135                                                 R.sub.7 =+240.7509                                                VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.068098                                                                        1.70138                                                  R.sub.7 '=-1.62238.                                               ______________________________________                                    


29. An objective as defined in claim 24, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and       Glass  Des.                                                          Spacings  n.sub.d                                     ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.9800                                                  I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.0650                                                                          1.621  N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.7900                                                                          s.sub.12 =0.3100                                                                         (β)                                                                              B                                                 R.sub.2 =-6.8000                                                  II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.2850                                                                          1.688                                                    R.sub.2 '=-3.4000                                                                          s.sub.23 =0.0050                                                                         (x)                                                      R.sub.3 =+1.0000                                                  III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.0650                                                                          1.785  N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.5810                                                                          s.sub.34 =0.2700                                                                         (α)                                                R.sub.4a =+1.0000                                                       L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.1550                                                                         1.744                                                    R.sub.4a '=-5.5000                                                                         s.sub.4a,b =0.1053                                                                              A                                                 R.sub.4b =-3.4000                                                 IV-- ----L.sub.4b                                                                               d.sub.4b =0.1250                                                                           1.744                                                          R.sub.4b '=-1.6300                                                                         s.sub.4b,c =0                                                      R.sub.4c =-1.6300                                                       L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.1160                                                                         1.640                                                    R.sub.4c '=-1.1460                                                                         s.sub.45 =0.0800                                                   R.sub.5 =+1.1460                                                  V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.0780                                                                          1.691                                                    R.sub.5 '=+1.3200                                                                          s.sub.56 =CS=0.1260                                                R.sub.6 =-0.7556                                                  VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.0420                                                                          1.847  N                                                 R.sub.6 '=+2.1873                                                                          s.sub.67 =0.0650                                                                         (γ)                                                R.sub.7 =-1.7545                                                  VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.1225                                                                          1.713                                                    R.sub.7 '=-0.6594                                                                          s.sub.78 =0.0025                                                   R.sub.8 =+7.0504                                                  VIII  L.sub.8            d.sub.8 =0.1524                                                                          1.744                                                    R.sub.8 '=-1.398065.                                              ______________________________________                                    


30. An objective as defined in claim 25, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and       Glass  Des.                                                          Spacings  n.sub.d                                     ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.67255                                                 I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.057943                                                                        1.60361                                                                               N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.67067                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.365043                                                                       (β)                                                                              B                                                 R.sub.2 =-1.64866                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.148721                                                                        1.62004                                                  R.sub.2 '=-1.32856                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.042492                                                                       (x)                                                      R.sub.3 =+2.13602                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.049252                                                                        1.74400                                                                               N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.66107                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.303236                                                                       (α)                                                R.sub.4a =+1.22743                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.083052                                                                       1.74400                                                                               A                                                 R.sub.4a '=-66.53817                                              IV∠                s.sub.4a,b =0.090778                                               R.sub.4b =+1.03274                                                      L.sub.4b           d.sub.4b =0.461615                                                                       1.67790                                                  R.sub.4b '=-1.23632                                                              CS= s.sub.45 =0.094641                                                       R.sub.5 =-0.80282                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.066635                                                                        1.48749                                                                               N                                                 R.sub.5 '=+0.99622                                                                         s.sub.56 =0.048286                                                                       (γ)                                                R.sub.6a =-8.26213                                                      L.sub.6a           d.sub.6a =0.036697                                                                       1.80518                                                  R.sub.6a '=+0.66586                                               VI∠                s.sub.6a,b =0                                                      R.sub.6b =+0.66586                                                      L.sub.6b           d.sub.6b =0.129407                                                                       1.51009                                                  R.sub.6b '=-0.75255                                                                        s.sub.67 =0.001931                                                 R.sub.7 =-32.41925                                                VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.065669                                                                        1.67790                                                  R.sub.7 '=-1.42766.                                               ______________________________________                                    


31. An objective as defined in claim 24, wherein the components have substantially the characteristics set forth below, linear dimensions being stated with reference to the equivalent focal length of the entire objective, considered as unity;

    Mem-                     Thicknesses                                           ber   Lens   Radii       and       Glass  Des.                                                          Spacings  n.sub.d                                     ______________________________________                                                      R.sub.1 =+1.98647                                                 I     L.sub.1            d.sub.1 =0.064579                                                                        1.62299                                                                               N,B                                               R.sub.1 '=+0.79363                                                                         s.sub.12 =0.310662                                                                       (β)                                                                              B                                                 R.sub.2 =-6.94281                                                 II    L.sub.2            d.sub.2 =0.286521                                                                        1.68893                                                  R.sub.2 '=-3.53160                                                                         s.sub.23 =0.003880                                                                       (x)                                                      R.sub.3 =+0.97595                                                 III   L.sub.3            d.sub.3 =0.058213                                                                        1.78443                                                                               N,A                                               R.sub.3 '=+0.57542                                                                         s.sub.34 =0.268147                                                                       (α)                                                R.sub.4a =+1.02113                                                      L.sub.4a           d.sub.4a =0.157717                                                                       1.74400                                                  R.sub.4a '=-5.43523                                                                        s.sub.4a,b =0.118089                                                                            A                                                 R.sub.4b =-3.44865                                                IV-- ----L.sub.4b                                                                               d.sub.4b =0.122462                                                                         1.74400                                                        R.sub.4b '=- 1.62973                                                                       s.sub.4b,c =0                                                      R.sub.4c =-1.62973                                                      L.sub.4c           d.sub.4c =0.178071                                                                       1.64250                                                  R.sub.4c '=-1.04242                                                                        s.sub.45 =0.077015                                                 R.sub.5 =+1.31310                                                 V     L.sub.5            d.sub.5 =0.076984                                                                        1.69100                                                  R.sub.5 '=+1.405548                                                              CS=s.sub.56 =0.126435                                                        R.sub.6 =-0.75532                                                 VI    L.sub.6            d.sub.6 =0.041384                                                                        1.84666                                                                               N                                                 R.sub.6 '=+2.18656                                                                         s.sub.67 =0.063707                                                                       (γ)                                                R.sub.7 =-1.75314                                                 VII   L.sub.7            d.sub.7 =0.122479                                                                        1.71300                                                  R.sub.7 '=-0.65890                                                                         s.sub.78 =0.002217                                                 R.sub.8 =+7.04544                                                 VIII  L.sub.8            d.sub.8 =0.154131                                                                        1.74400                                                  R.sub.8 '=-1.39672.                                               ______________________________________                                     